In Thailand , fresh mango fruit available throughout the year . This
could happen due to the application of modern technology production
methods or fruit out of season by arrangement flower induction time
accompanied by pest control penayakit , pembrongsongan fruit , as well
as the provision of water and fertilizer in a balanced manner . Previous naturally mango harvest season hanyabterjadi in April to May. With the technology of production outside the season , mango can be produced from January to December .
Commercial mango plantation talah being opened in Indonesia , constraints are properties of mango fruit plants seasonally so that continuity is difficult , at the time of harvest fruit stock piled so prices fall . To overcome this necessary cultivation techniques that can regulate the time of flowering can be assured of the availability of fruit throughout the year .
Tehinik season mango production beyond the most commonly used is the provision paklobutrazol followed by spraying a substance breaking dormancy . On a commercial scale mango plantations , there is a tendency that the use paklobutrazol already a part of the routine .
Induction of mango flowering occurs 2-3 months after treatment paklobutrazol , depending on varieties . Paklobutrazol treatment on mango yam 21 causes flowering occurred 2 months earlier than normal season . Time ripe fruit faster and more fruit hardness decreases with increasing dose paklobutrazol . Increased yield per tree of 59 % , but the average fruit size decreased . The content of vitamin C increased but pH and total dissolved solids do not change ( Purnomo and Prahardini , 1989) .
From the various studies that have been carried out , the optimum dose to induce flowering mango paklobutrazol and suppress vegetative growth without damaging the trees ranged from 2.5 - 4g of active ingredient / tree or cultar equivalent to 10-16 cc / liter of water / tree . Treatment cultar exceed 20 cc / liter of water / tree led to the emergence of leaf shape changes to indicate that at concentrations above 20 cc / liter of water / tree adverse effects of paklobutrazol .
The results of the study Poerwanto , et al . , (1997 ) showed that a dose of 0.05 g paklobutrazol / tree has been quite effective for mango flowering meninduksi gadung 21 , but followed by the application of dormancy -breaking agents 1 month after spraying paklobutrazol . Paklobutrazol cause induced relationship , but on the other hand also led to the emergence of generative shoots candidates . Provision of dormancy -breaking agents applied to the buds after paklobutrazol application will solve the dormant buds and shoots tersebutmuncul force . Jens and concentration of some dormancy -breaking agents are used , which effectively solve the dormant flower buds that have been induced by the administration of benzyl adenine paklobutrazol is 0.10 g / liter , etefon 0.40 g / l and 40 g KNO3 / l . Because the price of benzyl adenine expensive and difficult to dissolve in water , for commercial purposes are advised to use the etefon . Benzyl adenine is cytokinin group of plant growth regulators which works to increase the rate of cell division in the meristem buds that spurred the development and growth of the shoots . While etefon able to break dormancy of generative buds because ethylene is released from the reaction in the plant increases the permeability of the cell membrane that facilitate the movement of molecules into the cytoplasm . The ability of KNO3 in breaking dormancy may be related to the role of ions k + in increasing translocation of sucrose , increasing the rate of transport of sucrose on apoplas of mesophyll cells of leaves , an increase in the rate of transport of sucrose on aoplas of mesophyll cells of leaves , an increase in the loading of the phloem and the direct effect of an increase in osmotic pressure ( Marschner , 1986) .
Paklobutrazol can diaplikasikannpada plants through two ways , namely : by spraying through the leaves ( folliar spray ) and via soil (soil drenchhing ) . Applications through the soil more effectively than through the leaves and the effect can last longer . Applications through the leaves will be effective if done several times spraying with a low dose . For mango , through the provision of land by means of poured around the base of the tree is done in plants and bud yangsehat 'm not grow shoots or young leaves . While the dormancy -breaking agent is sprayed through the leaf surface evenly throughout the plant one month after administration paklobutrazol ( Subhadrabhandu and Tongumpai , 1990) .
Paklobutrazol addition , another PGR is cyclosel . but paklobutraol more effective than cyclosel the effects can last for more than one year after treatment retardants while others can only survive one season . Paklobutrazol residual effect on mango reported by Subhadrabandhu and tongumpai (1990 ) , that the first year the mango sprayed with 2 gm / tree then sprayed again the following year with a 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g / tree , dose 0.5 and 1.0 g / besides induce flowering trees also increase the percentage of flowering shoots , whereas a dose of 1.5 g / tree , which inhibits flowering of mango . The data show that administration of continuous paklobutrazol would be bad for growth and subsequent flowering .Potassium nitrate ( KON3 ) is also reported to be used to stimulate the production of fruit out of season. The successful use of potassium nitrate in stimulating the production of fruit out of the season has been reported by Efendi (1994 ) on the mango . In philipine use of potassium nitrate on mango has been conducted since 1979 . The invention allows the Philippine mango cultivars produce fruit pico , carabao and pahutan throughout the year and eliminate the biennial bearing ( Bondad , 1990) . Growth regulators NAA ( Naphthalene Acetic Acid ) is also reported to accelerate the flowering of mango . Dosing 25,50 , and 75 ppm can speed up plants berbungan 1-2 weeks compared with those not given the NAA . 1 Frequency spraying once a week for 12 weeks .
Commercial mango plantation talah being opened in Indonesia , constraints are properties of mango fruit plants seasonally so that continuity is difficult , at the time of harvest fruit stock piled so prices fall . To overcome this necessary cultivation techniques that can regulate the time of flowering can be assured of the availability of fruit throughout the year .
Tehinik season mango production beyond the most commonly used is the provision paklobutrazol followed by spraying a substance breaking dormancy . On a commercial scale mango plantations , there is a tendency that the use paklobutrazol already a part of the routine .
Induction of mango flowering occurs 2-3 months after treatment paklobutrazol , depending on varieties . Paklobutrazol treatment on mango yam 21 causes flowering occurred 2 months earlier than normal season . Time ripe fruit faster and more fruit hardness decreases with increasing dose paklobutrazol . Increased yield per tree of 59 % , but the average fruit size decreased . The content of vitamin C increased but pH and total dissolved solids do not change ( Purnomo and Prahardini , 1989) .
From the various studies that have been carried out , the optimum dose to induce flowering mango paklobutrazol and suppress vegetative growth without damaging the trees ranged from 2.5 - 4g of active ingredient / tree or cultar equivalent to 10-16 cc / liter of water / tree . Treatment cultar exceed 20 cc / liter of water / tree led to the emergence of leaf shape changes to indicate that at concentrations above 20 cc / liter of water / tree adverse effects of paklobutrazol .
The results of the study Poerwanto , et al . , (1997 ) showed that a dose of 0.05 g paklobutrazol / tree has been quite effective for mango flowering meninduksi gadung 21 , but followed by the application of dormancy -breaking agents 1 month after spraying paklobutrazol . Paklobutrazol cause induced relationship , but on the other hand also led to the emergence of generative shoots candidates . Provision of dormancy -breaking agents applied to the buds after paklobutrazol application will solve the dormant buds and shoots tersebutmuncul force . Jens and concentration of some dormancy -breaking agents are used , which effectively solve the dormant flower buds that have been induced by the administration of benzyl adenine paklobutrazol is 0.10 g / liter , etefon 0.40 g / l and 40 g KNO3 / l . Because the price of benzyl adenine expensive and difficult to dissolve in water , for commercial purposes are advised to use the etefon . Benzyl adenine is cytokinin group of plant growth regulators which works to increase the rate of cell division in the meristem buds that spurred the development and growth of the shoots . While etefon able to break dormancy of generative buds because ethylene is released from the reaction in the plant increases the permeability of the cell membrane that facilitate the movement of molecules into the cytoplasm . The ability of KNO3 in breaking dormancy may be related to the role of ions k + in increasing translocation of sucrose , increasing the rate of transport of sucrose on apoplas of mesophyll cells of leaves , an increase in the rate of transport of sucrose on aoplas of mesophyll cells of leaves , an increase in the loading of the phloem and the direct effect of an increase in osmotic pressure ( Marschner , 1986) .
Paklobutrazol can diaplikasikannpada plants through two ways , namely : by spraying through the leaves ( folliar spray ) and via soil (soil drenchhing ) . Applications through the soil more effectively than through the leaves and the effect can last longer . Applications through the leaves will be effective if done several times spraying with a low dose . For mango , through the provision of land by means of poured around the base of the tree is done in plants and bud yangsehat 'm not grow shoots or young leaves . While the dormancy -breaking agent is sprayed through the leaf surface evenly throughout the plant one month after administration paklobutrazol ( Subhadrabhandu and Tongumpai , 1990) .
Paklobutrazol addition , another PGR is cyclosel . but paklobutraol more effective than cyclosel the effects can last for more than one year after treatment retardants while others can only survive one season . Paklobutrazol residual effect on mango reported by Subhadrabandhu and tongumpai (1990 ) , that the first year the mango sprayed with 2 gm / tree then sprayed again the following year with a 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g / tree , dose 0.5 and 1.0 g / besides induce flowering trees also increase the percentage of flowering shoots , whereas a dose of 1.5 g / tree , which inhibits flowering of mango . The data show that administration of continuous paklobutrazol would be bad for growth and subsequent flowering .Potassium nitrate ( KON3 ) is also reported to be used to stimulate the production of fruit out of season. The successful use of potassium nitrate in stimulating the production of fruit out of the season has been reported by Efendi (1994 ) on the mango . In philipine use of potassium nitrate on mango has been conducted since 1979 . The invention allows the Philippine mango cultivars produce fruit pico , carabao and pahutan throughout the year and eliminate the biennial bearing ( Bondad , 1990) . Growth regulators NAA ( Naphthalene Acetic Acid ) is also reported to accelerate the flowering of mango . Dosing 25,50 , and 75 ppm can speed up plants berbungan 1-2 weeks compared with those not given the NAA . 1 Frequency spraying once a week for 12 weeks .
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