climateClimate desired by corn plants are temperate regions to temperate regions sub-tropis/tropis wet . Corn can be grown in an area that lies between 0-50 degrees to 0-40 degrees LS LU .In
non- irrigated land , growth of these plants require about an ideal
rainfall 85-200 mm / month and should be evenly distributed . In the phase of flowering and grain filling corn plants need to get enough water . Corn should be planted early in the rainy season and dry season ahead .The growth of the corn crop is in dire need of sunlight . Corn plants are shaded , its growth will be stunted and produce results that are less good seed can not even form a fruit .Desired temperature between 21-34 degrees maize crop C , but for ideal
plant growth requires optimum temperature between 23-27 degrees C. In
the process of seed germination of corn requires a suitable temperature
around 30 degrees C.When the fall corn harvest in the dry season will be better than the
rainy season , because the effect on seed ripening time and drying
results .landCorn does not require special soil requirements . In order to be able to grow optimally soil should be loose, fertile and rich in humus .The
type of soil that can be planted with corn , among others : andosol (
derived from the volcano ) , latosol , grumosol , sandy soils . In soils with heavy texture ( grumosol ) can still be planted to corn with good results with good soil processing . As for the texture of the soil with clay / clay ( latosol ) dusty is the best for growth .Soil acidity is closely connected with the availability of plant nutrients . Acidity of the soil is good for growing corn plant is a pH between 5.6 to 7.5 .Corn plants need soil by aeration and water availability in good condition .Land with a slope of less than 8 % can be planted with corn , because there the possibility of soil erosion is very small . While areas with slopes greater than 8 % , should be done first terrace formation .TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RAISINGNurseriesSeed requirementsSeeds to be used should be of high quality , good genetic quality , physical and physiology. Derived
from high yielding varieties ( power grew , not mixed seed / other
varieties , it does not contain dirt, pests and diseases are not
polluted ) . Such seeds can be obtained when using certified seed . In general, seeds required is very dependent on seed health , seed purity and ability to grow the seeds .The use of hybrid corn seeds will usually result in higher production . But the price of the seed is more expensive and can only be used one time derivative and is available in limited quantities . Several varieties of hybrid maize seed is to be selected as : BISI - 1
, 2 BISI - BISI - 16 , P1 - P22 , C - 3 , Semar Semar 1 and 2 ( all
kinds Hybrid ) .Seed PreparationSeeds can be obtained from planting themselves selected from some of the healthy growth of corn plants . Of
selected plants , taken the big cob , straight rows of beans and full
sealed by klobot , and are not attacked by pests and diseases . Cobs are picked when ripe physiology through a phase characterized by : the seeds are hard and most of the leaves turn yellow . Cob peeled and dried to dry completely . If the seeds are stored in long -term , after being dried and stored cob wrapped and stored in a dry place . Of dried cobs , seeds taken as the center of the seed . Seeds contained in the tip and the base is not used as a seed . Grow the seed must be more than 90 % , if the seed is less than it should be replaced . Seed required is 20-30 kg / ha .Media Processing PlantpreparationDone by inverting the soil and break up lumps of soil in order to obtain the loose soil to improve aeration . Land to be planted ( where row crops candidate ) dug as deep as 15-20 cm , then flattened . Hard ground requires more processing . First hoeing soil / hijacked and smoothed and leveled .Land OpeningLand preparation begins with clearing the land of the remains of the previous crop . When you need a fair amount of crop residue that is burned , the ashes
are returned to the soil , then proceed with the cultivation and
tillage with the plow .formation BedsAfter the soil is processed , each 3 meters made drainage channel along the plant row . 25-30 cm wide channel with a depth of 20 cm . These channels are made primarily on soil drainage ugly .Planting techniquesHole Making PlantPlanting hole made with a drill tool . The depth of the hole should be noticed that the seeds are not stunted . The depth of the planting hole : 3-5 cm , and each hole is only filled 1 seed grain .Spacing of corn adapted to the type of seed to be planted . Usually corn is planted at a spacing of 20 cm x 100 cm ( one seed /
hole ) or with a spacing of 40 cm X 80 cm ( two seeds / hole ) .How PlantingThese plants can not grow well when the water is less or when excessive water . During the rainy season or during the rainy season is almost over , the corn seeds can be planted . But it should be enough water available for the growth of corn plants . At the time of planting in the soil should be moist and not waterlogged . If the soil is dry , it should be watered first , unless the alleged 1-2 more days it will rain .
On the irrigated land , corn is usually planted in the dry season . In rainfed , planted at the end of the rainy season . Grown on dry land at the beginning of the rainy season and the end of the rainy season .maintenanceThinning and StitchingSometimes when we are less careful planting seeds so that there is more and sometimes there are less . By thinning it can be determined the number of plants per hole in the manner intended . If the 1 hole grew 3 plants , whereas only the desired 2 or 1 , then the plants should be reduced . Plants that grow well at least , cut with a sharp knife or scissors just above the soil surface . Revocation of direct plant should not be done , because it would injure the roots of other plants that will be left to grow .Stitching aims to replace the seeds that do not grow / die . This activity is carried out 7-10 days after planting . The amount and type of seed and treatment in the same stitching as when planting . Stitching should use the seeds of the same type . Stitching time later than two weeks after planting .weedingWeeding aims to clear the land of weeds ( weeds ) . Weeding is done 2 weeks. Weeding on young corn plants usually by hand or small hoe , fork and so on . What
is important in this weeding does not interfere with the plant roots at
that age are still not strong enough to grip the ground . This is usually done after the plant was 15 days .PembumbunanPembumbunan
done simultaneously with weeding and aims to strengthen the position of
the rod , so that the plants do not easily fall . In addition, to cover the emerging roots above the soil surface due to aeration . This activity is performed at 6 -week -old plants , along with the time of fertilization . The trick , land on the right and left rows diuruk plants with a hoe , then dumped in row crops . In this way will form elongated ridges . For energy efficiency pembubunan usually done in conjunction with the second weeding ie after 1 -month -old plants .fertilizationIf the land to be planted not guarantee the availability of sufficient nutrients must be fertilizing . Fertilizer plants need highly dependent on soil fertility and gradually given . Prompts average dose is : Urea = 200 kg / ha and NPK = 300 kg / ha As for how and dose of fertilizer for every hectare :Fertilization base : third part urea and 1/2 parts NPK fertilizer at
planting is given , in the left and right drill planting hole as deep as
5 cm and then covered with earth ;Supplementary I: third part urea plus 1/2 parts NPK fertilizer given
after the 30 day -old plants , the left and right ditugal planting hole
as deep as 10 cm and in soil cap ;Supplementary II : third part Urea given 45 days after planting .Irrigation and WateringOnce the seed is planted , watering taste , unless the soil has been moist . The next irrigation is given to taste with the aim of keeping the plants fresh . But ahead of flowering plants , the larger the required water so that
the water needs to be drained in the trenches between bumbunan corn
plants .Control of Pest OrganismsThe use of pesticides is only allowed after the visible presence of pests that can harm the corn production process . The pesticides used are pesticides used to control caterpillars . Implementation of spraying should demonstrate sustainability and the
natural enemies that attack the pest population level , so it will be
more efficient treatment .Flies seeds ( Atherigona exigua Stein )Symptoms: The leaves change color to yellowish ; around the bite marks or affected part decay , eventually withered plants , plant growth becomes stunted or dead . Cause
: flies seeds with traits flies gray color , dab color greenish yellow
striped back , abdomen yellowish brown color , color pearl white eggs ,
and flies 3-3.5 mm long . Control
: ( 1 ) simultaneous planting and application of crop rotation will
help break the life cycle of flies seed , especially after the
completion of the corn harvest ; ( 2 ) the affected plants should be immediately revoked seed flies and destroyed , so that pests do not spread ; ( 3 ) cleanliness around growing areas ought maintained and kept in mind especially the host plants as well as weeds ; ( 4 ) control of chemical insecticides that can be used include: Furadan , regent , marshals etc .caterpillars cutterSymptoms
: corn plants infested usually cut a few centimeters above the soil
surface which is characterized by the presence of bite marks on its
trunk , consequently young corn plants was collapsed on the ground . Cause : some types of caterpillars cutter : Agrotis sp . ( A. ipsilon ) ; Spodoptera litura , corn borer ( Ostrinia furnacalis ) , and corn borer ( Helicoverpa armigera ) . Control : ( 1 ) planting simultaneously on large areas , crop rotation can also be done ; ( 2 ) by finding and killing the caterpillars are usually found in the soil ; ( 3 ) before the land planted with corn , sprayed with insecticide Larvin advance , virtako .Downy mildew ( Downy mildew )Cause : The fungus spores Peronosclero maydis and P. javanica spores and spores of P. philippinensis . to be rampant at temperatures above 27 degrees C as well as the state of moist air . Symptoms
: ( 1 ) at 2-3 weeks old plants , pointed leaves and small , stiff
stems and stunted growth , yellow color , the undersides of leaves there
is a layer of white fungus spores ; (
2 ) at 3-5 weeks old plants , plants attacked by impaired growth , the
leaves change color and the color change starts from the base of the
leaves , cobs changing form and content ; ( 3 ) the mature plants , there are brown lines on older leaves . Control : ( 1 ) planting or before the start of the rainy season ; ( 2 ) the cropping pattern and the pattern of crop rotation , planting improved varieties ; ( 3 ) lifting of the affected plants , and then destroyed . ( 4 ) application benihdengan saromilLeaf spot disease ( Leaf Bligh )Cause : The fungus Helminthosporium turcicum . Symptoms
on leaves appear elongated and irregular patches of yellow and brown
color surrounded , spotting develops and extends from the leaf tip to
the leaf base , the original patches were wet , then change color to
yellowish brown , then changed to dark brown . Finally, the entire surface of the leaves turn brown . Control : ( 1 ) crop rotation should always be done in order to reduce the spread of the fungus ; ( 2 ) mechanically by adjusting the soil moisture so that the land is not humid conditions ; ( 3 ) chemical pesticides include: Daconil 75 WP , Dithane .Rust disease ( Rust )Cause : The fungus Puccinia sorghi Schw and Puccinia polypora Underw . Symptoms
: the mature plant is the leaves that are old are dotted brownish red
stains like rust and there is a brownish yellow powder , the powder is
then developed fungus and elongated , then eventually rust can turn into
a variety of shapes . Control : ( 1 ) regulate the moisture in planting areas ; ( 2 ) planting high yielding varieties or varieties that are resistant to disease ; ( 3 ) sanitize the corn planting area ; ( 4 ) use of chemical pesticides such as downy mildew and leaf spot .Hirst swelling disease ( Corn Smut / boil Smut )Cause : The fungus Ustilago maydis ( DC ) Cda , Ustilago zeae ( Schw ) Ung , Uredo zeae Schw , Uredo maydis DC . Symptoms
: on the cob is marked by the entry of the fungus into the seed
resulting in swelling and release gland ( gall ) , this causes swelling
pressed up wrapping and packing gland broken out of the wrapper and
spread spores . Control : ( 1 ) regulate moisture corn planting area by means of drying and irrigation ; ( 2 ) cut the plant and then burned ; ( 3 ) seeds to be planted evenly mixed with fungicide seed to all exposed surfaces .Cob rot and rot seedsCause
: The fungus Fusarium or Gibberella zeae Gibberella include ( Schw ) ,
Gibberella fujikuroi ( Schw ) , Gibberella moniliforme . Symptoms
can be seen after opening the wrapper on the cob , corn seeds , pink or
brownish red then turns into a tan brown color . Control : ( 1 ) corn planting improved varieties, cropping rotation is done , adjust spacing , seed treatment ; ( 2 ) spraying with a fungicide after symptom onset was found .harvest
Yields of maize corn is not all old / mature physiologically , depending on the purpose of the harvest . As in rice , corn fruit maturity level can also be divided into 4
levels : cooking milk , soft cook , cook and cook old dry / dead ripe .Characteristics and HarvestCharacteristics of corn ready for harvest are :a) Age harvest is 86-96 days after planting .b ) The corn is ready for harvest with cob or cornhusk began to dry up
which is characterized by the presence of a black coating on the seed
part of the institution.c ) Seed dry , harsh , and shiny , no imprint when pressed .Corn for vegetables ( baby corn , baby corn ) harvested before the seeds are fully charged . When it reached a diameter of 1-2 cm cob . Corn for boiled and burned , harvested when mature milk . The signs cornhusk still green , and when the seeds are not massaged too hard and will issue a white liquid . Corn for staple foods ( rice corn ) , animal feed , seed , flour and other necessities harvested when physiologically ripe . Signs: most of the leaves have yellowed and cornhusk . When the seeds are released there will be a dark brown color on the stem ( where the attachment of the seeds on the cob ) . When seeds massaged with nails , do not leave marks .How to HarvestHow
to harvest corn is physiologically mature by rotating the cob following
kelobotnya , or can be done by breaking the fruit stalk of corn . In the wide and flat land is very suitable when using a plucking machine .Harvest periodPicking
the corn in a less precise , less cooking can cause a decrease in
quality , grain corn into wrinkles even after drying will be broken ,
especially when dipipil with tools . Corn for vegetable purposes , can be picked 15 to 21 days after flowering plants . Plucking corn to be consumed as corn on the cob , do not have to wait
until the beans cook , but it can be done ± 4 weeks after flowering
plants or can take the time between harvesting corn harvest vegetables
and cook the corn harvest dead .Production forecastMaize production in a country often have ups and downs . This can occur as a result of changes in maize growing areas . However,
with the discovery of improved varieties as a proportion less land ,
then the totality of production will not really change . Irrigation and fertilization is very important to get a good production . Although the yield potential is high enough , the way to get the
optimum level of production by farmers , new results 17 tons / ha .postharvest
Having picked corn is usually done advanced process which is a series
of related work and finally ready to be stored or marketed products .paringShelled corn while still attached to the stem or after harvesting is completed . Stripping
is done to keep the water content in the cob can be lowered and
moisture around the seeds do not cause damage to seeds or resulted in
the growth of fungi . Stripping can facilitate or mitigate the transport during the drying process . To cook the corn die as a food ingredient , once completed harvested , cornhusk immediately peeled .dryingDrying corn can be either natural or artificial . Traditionally corn dried in the sun so that the water content ranges from 9-11 % . Drying usually takes about 7-8 days . Drying can be done on the floor , with woven bamboo board or by means of tied and hanged .Artificially can be done with the dryer to save human labor , especially during the rainy season . There
are various ways of artificial drying , but the principle is the same ,
namely to reduce the moisture content in the grain drying with heat
around 38-43 degrees C , so that the moisture content drops to 12-13 % .
Drying machine can be used at any time and temperature settings can be
carried out in accordance with corn grain moisture content desired .PemipilanAfter the sun dried corn dipipil . Pemipilan can use a hand or tool when the corn sheller production quantities large enough . Basically " memipil " corn is similar to the process of threshing grain , which separates the seeds from sticking . Corn on the cob is attached , then the grain and cob need to be separated .Sorting and ClassificationAfter
regardless of cob corn , maize seeds must be separated from any
impurities or unwanted, so as not degrade the quality of the corn . That
need to be separated and disposed of among others the remains cob ,
small seeds , broken seeds , empty seeds , dirt for quotation or at the
time of leverage . This action is very useful to avoid or suppress fungal and pest attack during storage . Besides, it can also correct air circulation .For
the separation of seeds that will be used as seed for planting ,
especially with the planter , usually requiring uniformity of shape and
size buntirnya . Then the separation is very important to increase the efficiency of the machine planting . There are different ways of cleaning or corn memisahan dirt mixture . But the separation of the way as the winnowed rice cleaning process , will get good results .
