impact of contaminants mercury , cadmium and lead in sea
Pollutants in Marine OrganismsThe sea water is a component that interacts with the terrestrial environment , where the discharge of waste from land will lead to the sea . Besides the sea as well as a water pollutant acceptance ( impure material ) that falls from the atmosphere . The waste containing pollutants then enter into coastal waters and marine ecosystems . Partially soluble in water , mostly sink to the bottom and concentrated to sediments , and partly into the body tissues of marine organisms ( including phytoplankton , fish , shrimp , squid , mussels , seaweed , etc. ) .
Then , the pollutants that enter the water directly absorbed by phytoplankton .
Phytoplankton is a producer and as the first trophic level in the food chain . Then phytoplankton zooplankton eaten . The concentration of pollutants in zooplankton body is higher than in the body due to phytoplankton phytoplankton zooplankton prey as much as possible . Phytoplankton and zooplankton eaten by fish planktivores ( plankton-eating ) as the second trophic level . Fish predation by fish karnivores planktivores ( fish eaters or animal ) as the third trophic level , then preyed upon by predatory fish as the highest trophic level .
Fish predators and long-lived fish that contains high concentrations of pollutants in the body highest among all marine organisms . Shellfish also contain heavy metals that high because of the way the filter feeding water into the gills at any time and participate ingested phytoplankton . Pollutants come into the body and accumulates continuously and can even exceed the concentrations in the water .
These pollutants follow the food chain from phytoplankton to fish predators and ultimately to humans . When these pollutants are in the body tissues of marine organisms in high concentrations , is then used as a food ingredient it will be harmful to human health . Because human health is strongly influenced by the food you eat . Foods derived from polluted areas likely also contaminated . Likewise seafood ( seafood ) from the beach and the sea are polluted also contain high pollutant .
One of the most dangerous pollutants for human health are heavy metals . WHO ( World Health Organization ) or the World Health Organization and FAO ( Food Agriculture Organization ) or the World Health Organization recommends not eating seafood ( seafood ) heavy metal contaminated . Heavy metal has long been known as a toxic element that has the very power of potential and has the ability to accumulate in human organs . Even the few who cause death . Some of the heavy metals that are harmful mercury or mercury ( Hg ) , Cadmium ( Cd ) , Lead ( Pb ) , Copper ( Cu ) , and others .
Mercury
Mercury or Mercury ( Hg ) is one of the heavy metals in liquid form . Mercury pollution in ocean waters caused more by natural factors rather than human factors . Although mercury contamination can occur naturally , but the levels are very small . Mercury pollution on a large scale due to the waste discarded by humans .
Humans have been using mercury oxide ( HgO ) and mercury sulfide ( HgS ) as a coloring agent and a cosmetic material since ancient times . Today the mercury has been used extensively in electronic products , industrial paint manufacture , manufacture of dentures , gold smelting , as a catalyst , and others . The use of mercury as an electrode in the manufacture of caustic soda in the food industry such as cooking oil , dairy products , paper tima , food wrappers also sometimes contaminate the food .
Metal pollution of mercury ( Hg ) received attention since the emergence of cases of Minamata in Japan in 1953 . At that time many people have a deadly disease caused by eating fish , scallops , shrimp and other seafood containing mercury .
Minamata cases that occurred from 1953 to 1975 has caused thousands of people have died from mercury pollution in Minamata Bay Japan . Chisso Chemical industry using mercury chloride ( HgCl2 ) as catalyst to produce acetaldehyde synthesis in which each produce one ton of acetaldehyde produce between 30-100 grams of mercury waste in the form of methyl mercury ( CH3Hg ) are dumped into Minamata Bay sea .
Methyl mercury enters the body is marine organisms either directly from the water and follow the food chain . Then reach high concentrations in the flesh of shellfish , crustaceans and fish which is daily consumption for the people of Minamata . Concentration or content of mercury in the hair of patients in the hospital several Minamata reach over 500 ppm . Minamata community who eat the contaminated seafood in large quantities have nerve disease , paralysis , loss of sense of taste and even many who died .
cadmium
Cadmium ( Cd ) is becoming popular as a dangerous heavy metals after the onset of river pollution in the region of Kumamoto Japan that caused toxicity in humans . Cadmium contamination in drinking water in Japan causing disease " itai - itai " . Symptoms are characterized by abnormalities of bone and some organs of the body becomes dead . Chronic poisoning caused by Cd is damage to the body's physiological systems such as breathing , blood circulation , olfactory , and damage to the reproductive glands , kidney , heart and bone fragility .
Cadmium has been used extensively in various industries , among others, metal plating , metal smelting , coloring , batteries , lubricating oil , fuel . Fuel and lubricating oil containing up to 0.5 ppm Cd , coal contains up to 2 ppm Cd , Cd -containing fertilizers also superpospat even up to 170 ppm . Liquid waste from industry and the disposal of used lubricating oil containing Cd into the waters of the sea as well as the remains of burning fuel that escapes into the atmosphere and then fall into the sea . The concentration of Cd in uncontaminated sea water is less than 1 mg / l or less than 1 mg / kg of marine sediment .
The maximum Cd concentration in drinking water that is allowed by the MOH and WHO is 0.01 mg / l . While the maximum concentration of Cd content in the meat or seafood that is worthy of health recommended by FAO and WHO were less than 0.95 mg / kg . Conversely Director General of Food and Drug Administration recommends no more than 2.0 mg / kg .
reciprocal
Lead ( Pb ) is also one of the heavy metals that have a high toxicity to humans because it can impair brain development in children , causing blockage of red blood cells , anemia and affect other parts of the body . Pb can be accumulated directly from the water and from sediments by marine organisms . Today the release of Pb into the atmosphere increased sharply due to the burning of oil and gas that may contribute to the disposal of Pb into the atmosphere . Furthermore, the Pb fell into the sea following the rain. With the incidence of many countries in the world reduce tetraeil Pb in petroleum and natural gas to reduce pollution Pb in the atmosphere .
WHO and FAO recommends that the concentration of Pb in decent seafood meat consumption is less than 0.715 mg / kg . Instead DG Food and Drug Administration recommends no more than 2.0 mg / kg .
Pollutants in Marine OrganismsThe sea water is a component that interacts with the terrestrial environment , where the discharge of waste from land will lead to the sea . Besides the sea as well as a water pollutant acceptance ( impure material ) that falls from the atmosphere . The waste containing pollutants then enter into coastal waters and marine ecosystems . Partially soluble in water , mostly sink to the bottom and concentrated to sediments , and partly into the body tissues of marine organisms ( including phytoplankton , fish , shrimp , squid , mussels , seaweed , etc. ) .
Then , the pollutants that enter the water directly absorbed by phytoplankton .
Phytoplankton is a producer and as the first trophic level in the food chain . Then phytoplankton zooplankton eaten . The concentration of pollutants in zooplankton body is higher than in the body due to phytoplankton phytoplankton zooplankton prey as much as possible . Phytoplankton and zooplankton eaten by fish planktivores ( plankton-eating ) as the second trophic level . Fish predation by fish karnivores planktivores ( fish eaters or animal ) as the third trophic level , then preyed upon by predatory fish as the highest trophic level .
Fish predators and long-lived fish that contains high concentrations of pollutants in the body highest among all marine organisms . Shellfish also contain heavy metals that high because of the way the filter feeding water into the gills at any time and participate ingested phytoplankton . Pollutants come into the body and accumulates continuously and can even exceed the concentrations in the water .
These pollutants follow the food chain from phytoplankton to fish predators and ultimately to humans . When these pollutants are in the body tissues of marine organisms in high concentrations , is then used as a food ingredient it will be harmful to human health . Because human health is strongly influenced by the food you eat . Foods derived from polluted areas likely also contaminated . Likewise seafood ( seafood ) from the beach and the sea are polluted also contain high pollutant .
One of the most dangerous pollutants for human health are heavy metals . WHO ( World Health Organization ) or the World Health Organization and FAO ( Food Agriculture Organization ) or the World Health Organization recommends not eating seafood ( seafood ) heavy metal contaminated . Heavy metal has long been known as a toxic element that has the very power of potential and has the ability to accumulate in human organs . Even the few who cause death . Some of the heavy metals that are harmful mercury or mercury ( Hg ) , Cadmium ( Cd ) , Lead ( Pb ) , Copper ( Cu ) , and others .
Mercury
Mercury or Mercury ( Hg ) is one of the heavy metals in liquid form . Mercury pollution in ocean waters caused more by natural factors rather than human factors . Although mercury contamination can occur naturally , but the levels are very small . Mercury pollution on a large scale due to the waste discarded by humans .
Humans have been using mercury oxide ( HgO ) and mercury sulfide ( HgS ) as a coloring agent and a cosmetic material since ancient times . Today the mercury has been used extensively in electronic products , industrial paint manufacture , manufacture of dentures , gold smelting , as a catalyst , and others . The use of mercury as an electrode in the manufacture of caustic soda in the food industry such as cooking oil , dairy products , paper tima , food wrappers also sometimes contaminate the food .
Metal pollution of mercury ( Hg ) received attention since the emergence of cases of Minamata in Japan in 1953 . At that time many people have a deadly disease caused by eating fish , scallops , shrimp and other seafood containing mercury .
Minamata cases that occurred from 1953 to 1975 has caused thousands of people have died from mercury pollution in Minamata Bay Japan . Chisso Chemical industry using mercury chloride ( HgCl2 ) as catalyst to produce acetaldehyde synthesis in which each produce one ton of acetaldehyde produce between 30-100 grams of mercury waste in the form of methyl mercury ( CH3Hg ) are dumped into Minamata Bay sea .
Methyl mercury enters the body is marine organisms either directly from the water and follow the food chain . Then reach high concentrations in the flesh of shellfish , crustaceans and fish which is daily consumption for the people of Minamata . Concentration or content of mercury in the hair of patients in the hospital several Minamata reach over 500 ppm . Minamata community who eat the contaminated seafood in large quantities have nerve disease , paralysis , loss of sense of taste and even many who died .
cadmium
Cadmium ( Cd ) is becoming popular as a dangerous heavy metals after the onset of river pollution in the region of Kumamoto Japan that caused toxicity in humans . Cadmium contamination in drinking water in Japan causing disease " itai - itai " . Symptoms are characterized by abnormalities of bone and some organs of the body becomes dead . Chronic poisoning caused by Cd is damage to the body's physiological systems such as breathing , blood circulation , olfactory , and damage to the reproductive glands , kidney , heart and bone fragility .
Cadmium has been used extensively in various industries , among others, metal plating , metal smelting , coloring , batteries , lubricating oil , fuel . Fuel and lubricating oil containing up to 0.5 ppm Cd , coal contains up to 2 ppm Cd , Cd -containing fertilizers also superpospat even up to 170 ppm . Liquid waste from industry and the disposal of used lubricating oil containing Cd into the waters of the sea as well as the remains of burning fuel that escapes into the atmosphere and then fall into the sea . The concentration of Cd in uncontaminated sea water is less than 1 mg / l or less than 1 mg / kg of marine sediment .
The maximum Cd concentration in drinking water that is allowed by the MOH and WHO is 0.01 mg / l . While the maximum concentration of Cd content in the meat or seafood that is worthy of health recommended by FAO and WHO were less than 0.95 mg / kg . Conversely Director General of Food and Drug Administration recommends no more than 2.0 mg / kg .
reciprocal
Lead ( Pb ) is also one of the heavy metals that have a high toxicity to humans because it can impair brain development in children , causing blockage of red blood cells , anemia and affect other parts of the body . Pb can be accumulated directly from the water and from sediments by marine organisms . Today the release of Pb into the atmosphere increased sharply due to the burning of oil and gas that may contribute to the disposal of Pb into the atmosphere . Furthermore, the Pb fell into the sea following the rain. With the incidence of many countries in the world reduce tetraeil Pb in petroleum and natural gas to reduce pollution Pb in the atmosphere .
WHO and FAO recommends that the concentration of Pb in decent seafood meat consumption is less than 0.715 mg / kg . Instead DG Food and Drug Administration recommends no more than 2.0 mg / kg .
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