History of ManHumans in the natural world and the unique role that can be viewed in many ways . In
humans the exact sciences in view as a collection of atomic particles
that make up a network system that is owned by humans human is a
collection of baerbagai physical systems are interlinked with each other
and is a collection of energy , humans are biological creatures that
belong to the mammalian organism . In the social sciences is mahlik man who wants to make a profit or
always wanted to account for any activity , humans are social creatures
that can not stand alone beings who always want to have the political
power , being cultured
Human or person can be interpreted differently depending on the biological , spiritual , and istilahkebudayaan , or in a mixture .
Biologically , humans are classified as Homo sapiens (Latin for humans ) , a primate species of mammal groups include highly skilled brain . In terms of spirituality , they are described using the concept of a varied life where , in religion , understood in conjunction with the power of God or living beings ; in myth , they also often compared to other races . In cultural anthropology , they are described by penggunaanbahasanya , their organization in a pluralistic society and the development of technology , and especially by the ability to form groups and institutions to support one another and help .
Classification is the most important human based on their gender . Naturally , the sex of a newborn child whether male or female . Children younger men known as men and men as men . The young boy known as female and adult women as women .
Penggolonganlainnya is based on age , ranging from fetuses , infants , toddlers , children , adolescents , akilbalik , youth / i , adult , and ( the ) old .
In addition there are many other classifications , based on physical characteristics ( skin color , hair , eyes to nose ; height ) , an affiliate of socio - political - religious ( religion / belief XYZ , XYZ citizens , party members XYZ ) , kinship ( family : immediate family , extended family , step-families , adoptive families , foster families ; friends ; enemies ) and so forth .
Heart and awareness
Subjective experience of an individual centered around consciousness , self-consciousness or the mind , allowing the perception of its own existence and of the passage of time . Consciousness gives rise to the perception of free will , although some believe that free will is illusory misleading perfect , restricted or eliminated by determining the fate or social ataubiologis . The human heart consciousness expanded outward , covering a total mental and emotional aspects of the individual . Psikologimempelajari knowledge of the human heart ( psyche ) , especially the subconscious ( unconscious ) . The practice of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freudmencoba designed by exposing part of the subconscious . Arrange themselves into a human Freud Ego , Superego , and Id . Carl Gustav Jungmemperkenalkan collective unconscious thoughts / joint and a process pengindividuan , poured doubts as to the accuracy of defining individuals ' which means ' .
Philosophy in Historical Perspective
1 . Pre Ages Ancient Greece
Ranged from four million years to 20,000 years BC , also known as the stone age , because at that time people still use stones as tools . Later in the 15th century until 6 BC , humans have found iron , copper and silver for a variety of equipment , which was first used in Iraq . In the 6th century BC in Greek philosophy was born , called the Greek miracle . Some of the factors that precede the birth of philosophy in Greece , namely :
a. Greek mythology
b . Greek literature
c . The influence of science at that time had reached the Ancient East .
2 . Ages of Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece is the beginning of the revival of philosophy in general , because the answer to the problems surrounding the ratio and leave the mythology or superstitious beliefs are irrational . Furthermore , When Athens was led by Pericles politics and philosophy can thrive. Last Age of Hellenism , referred to as the golden age of Greek culture , with a meritorious figure is Alexander the Great ( 356-323 BC ) of Macedonia , one of the disciples of Aristotle .
3 . Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages , the philosophy of devoting attention to metaphysical problems . When it is difficult to tell which is which philosophy and the church . While the period of modern history has generally called mental point of view that differ in many ways , especially the fading authority of the church , while the authority of science is getting stronger . I draw this conclusion , that the medieval era is meant for philosophers , especially for European thinkers of the century , is close to a religion , especially Christianity . Because the medieval era and a major figure of the greatest church father of the Patristic age is Aurelius Augustine ( 354-430 ) he was born in thagaste , in Numedia , north africa . And after it is grown kezaman scholastic Thomas Aquinas ( 1225-1274 ) .
4 . Modern Ages
The period begins with the advent of modern philosophy renaissance XV and XVI century AD , which intends regenerates classical Greco- Roman culture . The main problem of the renaissance period , as the scholastic period , is a synthesis of religion and philosophy in a different direction . Renaissance era marked by the outpouring of attention in various fields of humanity , both as individuals and social . Among philosophers of the renaissance period was Francis Bacon ( 1561-1626 ) . He argued that philosophy should be separated from theology . Although he believes that the reasoning can demonstrate God's , but he considers that characterized everything else in theology can only be known by revelation , revelation while entirely dependent on reasoning . This shows that Bacon was among those who justify the concept of double truth ( double truth ) , that is the truth of reason and revelation . The peak period of the renaissance era appearing on Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is regarded as the Father of Modern Philosophy and pioneer Rationalism flow . Arguments brought forward aiming to escape the confines of the church . This is evident in the motto " cogito ergo sum " ( I think therefore I am ) . This statement is very well known in the development of modern thought , as it raised the rate and degree of thought as an indication of the existence of every individual . In this case , the philosophy of re- gained glory and defeat the role of religion , because the ratio of men to obtain the truth .
Then came the flow of empiricism , with its main pioneers , Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke ( 1632-1704 ) . Empiricism flow found coming from the introduction of knowledge and experience , both inner and outer experience . It also emphasizes the flow of sensory recognition as a form of perfect introduction . In the middle of the bells gempitanya thought of rationalism and empiricism , a new idea emerged in the UK , which later evolved to France and finally to Germany . This period is known as Aufklarung or Enlightenment or Enlightenment eighteenth century formulated century AD In the presence of separation ratio of religion , sense apart from the confines of the church , so that Voltaire (1694-1778) referred to it as the age of reason ( age reasoning ) . As one consequence is a rapidly growing supremacy ratio which in turn encouraged the development of philosophy and science . Nonetheless , in the era thinkers Aufklarung anyone concerned religion , namely David Hume ( 1711-1776 ) . According to him , religion was born from the hopes and fears ( hopes and human suffering ) . Religion evolved through the process of the original , which is polytheistic , monotheistic religion that . Then Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) fought against the dominance of the materialistic century enlightenment and atheists . He opposed the rationalism that made life barren . He is known for his motto retournous a la nature ( back to state of origin ) , which re- establish intimacy with nature .Other figures are Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804 ) . Other idealism figure is George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( 1770-1831 ) .
His philosophy is known with absolute idealism which is monistic , that is all that there is a form of mind which one , the absolute sense ( absolute mind ) .
Positivism of Auguste Comte tried to develop into a religion or as a substitute for religion . This is evidenced by the establishment of Positive Societies in various places that worships humanity instead of worshiping God . Subsequent developments of this genre that gave birth to stream content and relying on facts that are material , known as Materialism .Materialism is Feurbach flow figures ( 1804-1872 ) . He stated that human belief in God is actually derived from the human desire to feel unhappy . Then , create a human Being can be used as a beacon of hope is God , so that Feuerbach stated theology should be replaced with anthropology . Materialism is another character stream Karl Marx (1820-1883) who oppose all forms of spiritualism . He along with Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) builds on the ideas of communism with a manifesto of communism in 1848 . Karl Marx's view that man is free , not bound by the transcendental . Human life is determined by the material . Religion as a projection of the human will , not from the unseen world . The period of modern philosophy in the West indicated a shift , all forms of domination of the church , the clergy and the assumption that scripture as the only source of knowledge was ravaged . Thus , it can be said that the modern age is an age in retaliation against the scholastic era dominated church .
5 . Contemporary Ages
Contemporary Western philosophy ( twentieth century ) is very heterogeneous . This is due partly because of greater professionalism . Many specialist philosopher is a specialized field such as mathematics , physics , psychology , sociology , or economics . Another important thing worth noting is that in the twentieth century old ideas revived . For example , Neotomisme , Neokantianisme , Neopositivisme , and so on . At this time France , Britain , and Germany remain the countries most forward in philosophy . Generally , people share this philosophy to be philosophy konttrental period ( French and German ) ; and philosophy Anglosakson ( UK ) . The most important streams are growing and influential in the twentieth century is pragmatism , vitalism , phenomenology , existentialism , analytic philosophy ( philosophy of language ) , structuralism , and postmodernism .
Pragmatism teaches that the truth is what the consequences bermanfat practical . Thus , pragmatism is the benchmark for the benefit of practical life . Mystical truth is accepted , as long as practically useful . The most important characters is William James (1842-1910) and John Dewey ( 1859-1952 ) .
Vitalism of the view that the activities of living organisms is driven by power or vital principle with different physical forces , where everything can be analyzed mathematically . Vitalism is the most important figure of the French philosopher Henri Bergson ( 1859-1941 ) .
Human or person can be interpreted differently depending on the biological , spiritual , and istilahkebudayaan , or in a mixture .
Biologically , humans are classified as Homo sapiens (Latin for humans ) , a primate species of mammal groups include highly skilled brain . In terms of spirituality , they are described using the concept of a varied life where , in religion , understood in conjunction with the power of God or living beings ; in myth , they also often compared to other races . In cultural anthropology , they are described by penggunaanbahasanya , their organization in a pluralistic society and the development of technology , and especially by the ability to form groups and institutions to support one another and help .
Classification is the most important human based on their gender . Naturally , the sex of a newborn child whether male or female . Children younger men known as men and men as men . The young boy known as female and adult women as women .
Penggolonganlainnya is based on age , ranging from fetuses , infants , toddlers , children , adolescents , akilbalik , youth / i , adult , and ( the ) old .
In addition there are many other classifications , based on physical characteristics ( skin color , hair , eyes to nose ; height ) , an affiliate of socio - political - religious ( religion / belief XYZ , XYZ citizens , party members XYZ ) , kinship ( family : immediate family , extended family , step-families , adoptive families , foster families ; friends ; enemies ) and so forth .
Heart and awareness
Subjective experience of an individual centered around consciousness , self-consciousness or the mind , allowing the perception of its own existence and of the passage of time . Consciousness gives rise to the perception of free will , although some believe that free will is illusory misleading perfect , restricted or eliminated by determining the fate or social ataubiologis . The human heart consciousness expanded outward , covering a total mental and emotional aspects of the individual . Psikologimempelajari knowledge of the human heart ( psyche ) , especially the subconscious ( unconscious ) . The practice of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freudmencoba designed by exposing part of the subconscious . Arrange themselves into a human Freud Ego , Superego , and Id . Carl Gustav Jungmemperkenalkan collective unconscious thoughts / joint and a process pengindividuan , poured doubts as to the accuracy of defining individuals ' which means ' .
Philosophy in Historical Perspective
1 . Pre Ages Ancient Greece
Ranged from four million years to 20,000 years BC , also known as the stone age , because at that time people still use stones as tools . Later in the 15th century until 6 BC , humans have found iron , copper and silver for a variety of equipment , which was first used in Iraq . In the 6th century BC in Greek philosophy was born , called the Greek miracle . Some of the factors that precede the birth of philosophy in Greece , namely :
a. Greek mythology
b . Greek literature
c . The influence of science at that time had reached the Ancient East .
2 . Ages of Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece is the beginning of the revival of philosophy in general , because the answer to the problems surrounding the ratio and leave the mythology or superstitious beliefs are irrational . Furthermore , When Athens was led by Pericles politics and philosophy can thrive. Last Age of Hellenism , referred to as the golden age of Greek culture , with a meritorious figure is Alexander the Great ( 356-323 BC ) of Macedonia , one of the disciples of Aristotle .
3 . Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages , the philosophy of devoting attention to metaphysical problems . When it is difficult to tell which is which philosophy and the church . While the period of modern history has generally called mental point of view that differ in many ways , especially the fading authority of the church , while the authority of science is getting stronger . I draw this conclusion , that the medieval era is meant for philosophers , especially for European thinkers of the century , is close to a religion , especially Christianity . Because the medieval era and a major figure of the greatest church father of the Patristic age is Aurelius Augustine ( 354-430 ) he was born in thagaste , in Numedia , north africa . And after it is grown kezaman scholastic Thomas Aquinas ( 1225-1274 ) .
4 . Modern Ages
The period begins with the advent of modern philosophy renaissance XV and XVI century AD , which intends regenerates classical Greco- Roman culture . The main problem of the renaissance period , as the scholastic period , is a synthesis of religion and philosophy in a different direction . Renaissance era marked by the outpouring of attention in various fields of humanity , both as individuals and social . Among philosophers of the renaissance period was Francis Bacon ( 1561-1626 ) . He argued that philosophy should be separated from theology . Although he believes that the reasoning can demonstrate God's , but he considers that characterized everything else in theology can only be known by revelation , revelation while entirely dependent on reasoning . This shows that Bacon was among those who justify the concept of double truth ( double truth ) , that is the truth of reason and revelation . The peak period of the renaissance era appearing on Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is regarded as the Father of Modern Philosophy and pioneer Rationalism flow . Arguments brought forward aiming to escape the confines of the church . This is evident in the motto " cogito ergo sum " ( I think therefore I am ) . This statement is very well known in the development of modern thought , as it raised the rate and degree of thought as an indication of the existence of every individual . In this case , the philosophy of re- gained glory and defeat the role of religion , because the ratio of men to obtain the truth .
Then came the flow of empiricism , with its main pioneers , Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke ( 1632-1704 ) . Empiricism flow found coming from the introduction of knowledge and experience , both inner and outer experience . It also emphasizes the flow of sensory recognition as a form of perfect introduction . In the middle of the bells gempitanya thought of rationalism and empiricism , a new idea emerged in the UK , which later evolved to France and finally to Germany . This period is known as Aufklarung or Enlightenment or Enlightenment eighteenth century formulated century AD In the presence of separation ratio of religion , sense apart from the confines of the church , so that Voltaire (1694-1778) referred to it as the age of reason ( age reasoning ) . As one consequence is a rapidly growing supremacy ratio which in turn encouraged the development of philosophy and science . Nonetheless , in the era thinkers Aufklarung anyone concerned religion , namely David Hume ( 1711-1776 ) . According to him , religion was born from the hopes and fears ( hopes and human suffering ) . Religion evolved through the process of the original , which is polytheistic , monotheistic religion that . Then Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) fought against the dominance of the materialistic century enlightenment and atheists . He opposed the rationalism that made life barren . He is known for his motto retournous a la nature ( back to state of origin ) , which re- establish intimacy with nature .Other figures are Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804 ) . Other idealism figure is George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( 1770-1831 ) .
His philosophy is known with absolute idealism which is monistic , that is all that there is a form of mind which one , the absolute sense ( absolute mind ) .
Positivism of Auguste Comte tried to develop into a religion or as a substitute for religion . This is evidenced by the establishment of Positive Societies in various places that worships humanity instead of worshiping God . Subsequent developments of this genre that gave birth to stream content and relying on facts that are material , known as Materialism .Materialism is Feurbach flow figures ( 1804-1872 ) . He stated that human belief in God is actually derived from the human desire to feel unhappy . Then , create a human Being can be used as a beacon of hope is God , so that Feuerbach stated theology should be replaced with anthropology . Materialism is another character stream Karl Marx (1820-1883) who oppose all forms of spiritualism . He along with Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) builds on the ideas of communism with a manifesto of communism in 1848 . Karl Marx's view that man is free , not bound by the transcendental . Human life is determined by the material . Religion as a projection of the human will , not from the unseen world . The period of modern philosophy in the West indicated a shift , all forms of domination of the church , the clergy and the assumption that scripture as the only source of knowledge was ravaged . Thus , it can be said that the modern age is an age in retaliation against the scholastic era dominated church .
5 . Contemporary Ages
Contemporary Western philosophy ( twentieth century ) is very heterogeneous . This is due partly because of greater professionalism . Many specialist philosopher is a specialized field such as mathematics , physics , psychology , sociology , or economics . Another important thing worth noting is that in the twentieth century old ideas revived . For example , Neotomisme , Neokantianisme , Neopositivisme , and so on . At this time France , Britain , and Germany remain the countries most forward in philosophy . Generally , people share this philosophy to be philosophy konttrental period ( French and German ) ; and philosophy Anglosakson ( UK ) . The most important streams are growing and influential in the twentieth century is pragmatism , vitalism , phenomenology , existentialism , analytic philosophy ( philosophy of language ) , structuralism , and postmodernism .
Pragmatism teaches that the truth is what the consequences bermanfat practical . Thus , pragmatism is the benchmark for the benefit of practical life . Mystical truth is accepted , as long as practically useful . The most important characters is William James (1842-1910) and John Dewey ( 1859-1952 ) .
Vitalism of the view that the activities of living organisms is driven by power or vital principle with different physical forces , where everything can be analyzed mathematically . Vitalism is the most important figure of the French philosopher Henri Bergson ( 1859-1941 ) .
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