Monday, March 31, 2014

Barium understanding and Impact on Health Substance

Definition of Barium
The name is derived from the Greek barys barium ( βαρύς ) , which means " heavy " . This illustrates the high density of some common barium -containing ores . The amount of barium is 0.0425 % in the Earth's crust and 13 ug / L in seawater .
Barium ( Ba ) including heavy metals such as lead white silver . Barium is an alkaline earth metal one . Barium metal surface covered with a thin layer of oxide that helps protect the metal from air attack . Barium is a metallic chemical element that resembles calcium but more reactive . Barium is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity or rapidly oxidizes in air . Barium also react with water and carbon dioxide and is not found as a mineral . Barium is most commonly found as Barite ( BaSO 4 ) and witherite ( Baco 3 ) .
Metals are mainly found in , and retrieved from , Barite . Because it is so late , it can not be used directly for the preparation of
other barium compounds , or barium metal . In contrast , ore is heated with carbon to reduce it to barium sulfide :
Barium impact
Heavy metal is resistant to dust , dust resistant properties that causes increasingly heavy metals accumulate in the waters . Heavy metals in the water can get into the human body , either directly or indirectly . Heavy metals in the water may enter directly into the human body when water containing heavy metals drunk , while indirectly when eating food that comes from the water . In the human body , heavy metals can also accumulate and cause various health hazards . Dangers of barium ( Ba ) to human health , namely , in the form of powders , flammable at room temperature . In the long run , can cause a rise in blood pressure and disruption of the nervous system .
All water or acid soluble barium compounds are poisonous. At low doses , barium acts as a muscle stimulant , while higher doses affect the nervous system , causing cardiac irregularities , tumors , weakness , anxiety , dyspnea and paralysis . This may be due to its ability to block potassium ion channels which are essential for the proper function of the nervous system
Barium compounds , are rarely encountered by most people . All barium compounds are considered very toxic although initial evidence appears to indicate the danger is limited . Barium salt can damage the liver . Inhalation of dust containing barium compounds can accumulate in the lungs , causing a condition called baritosis . Metal dust presents a fire and explosion hazard , and barium powder can ignite spontaneously in air .
Metal barium should be kept under a petroleum -based fluid ( such as kerosene ) or other suitable oxygen - free liquids that emit air .

understanding Substances Arsenic, Chromium and Boron and its functions according to the experts

understanding Substances Arsenic, Chromium and Boron and its functions according to the experts
Arsenic
Arsenic deposited selectively in ectodermal tissues, especially in the nail and hair keratin network. Arsenic levels of less than 0.1 mg/100 grams of hair generally has no meaning. Levels that may occur as a result of the accumulation of arsenic in subclinical exposure in normal people.
In the past the discovery of arsenic in large quantities in the nail and hair usually interpreted as a sign of exposure to high levels of arsenic single dose 1-2 weeks before or the beginning of a series of small doses of arsenic exposure (2). Recent research suggests that arsenic can be detected in hair and nails in a significant amount only 30 hours after exposure (3). Initially it was suspected that the arsenic contamination came from the sweat that contains arsenic, as arsenic is excreted through sweat and can be attached to the network
containing keratin if he is in contact. However, Pearson and Pounds research on the hair by using NAA deny these allegations

            
Arsenic contained in nails and hair will not change their concentration over the years, except if the network environment is exposed to strong acid or base. Until now there are many people who believe that that the deposits of arsenic in the hair followed (roughly) the speed of hair growth, which is a quarter to a half inch per month. Thus, the old and the current arsenic exposure can be estimated on the victim, if the victim's hair is long enough to be divided into sections and analyzed the content of arsenic (2) A person who dies within 6-8 hours after ingestion of arsenic in his hair in the number of overdose generally do not show the presence of arsenic (3).
Chromium
Chromium is derived from the word chroma meaning color. Many color components can be made from chromium. Chromium was discovered by Louis Vauquelin in France in 1797. Chromium is located in block D, group 6, period 4. Chromium at a temperature of 298 K are solid is antiferromagnetic. Has a period of relative molecular 51.9961 g / mol. Has no atoms 24 and have densities of 1.15 g/m3.
Electronegativity of chromium is 1.66. Pengatomannya enthalpy is 121.8 KJ / mol at 250 C; enthalpy of melting is 15.3 KJ / mol and the enthalpy of evaporation of 341.8 KJ / mol and has a heat capacity of 23.35 J / mol K and the heat conductivity of 93.9 W / m K, also has a poison ratio of 0.21. Has a sound speed 5940 m / s. Chromium is the Brinell hardness of 1120 MPa, kekersasan mohsnya of 8.5 and hardness of 1060 MPa vickersnya. Cr also has a Young's modulus value of the modulus is 297 GPa sebesarr, shear modulus of 5940 GPa, and a modulus of 160 GPa Bulk. Chromium has an electric resistvittas of 125 Ωm and electric conductivity of 0.0774 × 106 / cmΩ. Chromium is not flammable solids.

  
Usefulness of Chromium
of Chromium is to make stainless steel, is also used to coat automobile components, for magnetic tape, a knife, to the laser and to make paint. Chromium (VI) oxide (CrO3) is used for the magnetic tape industry, magnets are made of chromium oxide quality is better than iron oxide
Usefulness of Boron
Research utilization of boron and sulfur minerals from geothermal waste material additives for industrial glass and fertilizer in the fiscal year 2001 covering the characteristics of the mineral boron and sulfur is in the geothermal waste to determine the physical properties, chemical properties and the second type of minerals in the waste. Some water samples have been taken from the craters, lakes and hot springs in the area of ​​Dieng, Central Java and Kamojang / Garut, West Java and analyzed the content of boron and sulfur. The analysis showed that the content of boron in the water sample from the Dieng area ranged from 4 ppm to 15 ppm, which is derived from the Kamojang / Garut ranged from 8 to 10 ppm. The content of sulfur in the water samples from Dieng ranging from 2 ppm to 15 ppm, which is derived from Kamojang / Garut around 10 ppm.

Understanding Maps and Map types

Understanding Map
Maps ad / picture of the earth on a flat surface with a certain scale through a projection system map from there and used by humans, since humans do exploration and penelitian.Walaupun still in a very simple form yaitudalam sketch map of the location of a place there and started to use human , since human conduct exploration and research. Although still in a very simple form yaitudalam form of sketches on location somewhere.
At the beginning of the 2nd Century (87M-150M), Claudius Ptolomaeus suggests the importance of the map. A collection of maps recorded works of Claudius Ptolomaeus and was named "Atlas Ptolomaeus". which discusses the science is a cartographic map. While the experts are called cartographers make maps.
Maps can be classified (classified) into three types, namely:

    
¡Type map based on its contents,
    
Based on the scale and
    
Based on the goal.
    
Map based on the content type
Based on the map contents can be classified into two types, namely: general maps and special maps (thematic).
General map ad / maps depicting the earth's surface in general.
The general map contains all sightings are contained in an area, either physical appearance (natural), such as rivers, mountains, seas, lakes etc.. Social and cultural appearance, eg roads, railways, etc. In general, city maps can be divided into two
namely:
A topographic map Map chorografi Ad / map that describes the shape of relief (high or low) of the earth's surface. Topographic maps used in the contour lines (countur line) is the line connecting places that have the same height. Excess topographic map:
¡To determine the height of a place.
¡To estimate the degree of steepness or slope.
The main characteristic topographic map ad / using contour lines.
Some provisions in the topographic map:
1.Makin contour distance meetings with each other suggests the area has continued to widen. Conversely the less distance between contours show the more sloping areas.
2.Garis jagged contours showed marked depression (pit / basin) at the top, such as mountain peaks berkawah.
3.Peta topography using a large scale, from 1: 50,000 to 1: 100,000.

 
B. Ad chorografi maps / map that describes all or part of the earth's surface with a smaller scale between 1: 250,000 to 1: 1,000,000 or more. Chorografi map depicts large areas, for example, province, country, continent and even the world. In chorografi map depicted all appearance there on an area in between the mountains, mountains, rivers, lakes, roads, railroads, boundaries, cities, coastlines, marshes, etc.. Atlas ad / chorografi collection of maps made in different colors governance.

Map functions and class types Map

Maps are not as large (in size). There is a large map and there is a small map. The amount of the map is determined by large-small scale used. ?? Scale map ad / comparison of the distance between two points on the map to the actual distance on the surface of the earth (ground).
Based on the map scale can be classified into four types, namely:
1.Peta cadastral / technique is a map that has a scale between 1: 100 to 1: 5,000. This map is used to describe a soil map or a map of the land certificate, therefore there are many in the State Department, the Department of Agrarian (National Land Agency).
2.Peta is a large-scale map has a scale of 1: 5,000 to 1: 250,000. Large-scale map is used to describe a relatively narrow area, such as a map village, sub-district map.
3.Peta medium scale is a map that has a scale between 1: 250,000 and 1:500.000. Map scale is being used to describe a rather broad area, such as a map of Central Java province, Maluku province map.
4.Peta is a small-scale map has a scale of 1: 500,000 to 1: 1,000,000 or more. Small scale map is used to describe a relatively wide area, such as state maps, continent and even the world.
From the above it can be concluded that the larger the number the quote means that the smaller the scale of the map.

Factors Affecting Food Sanitation Hygiene

A ) Personal Hygiene
Cleanliness is also called the hygiene of food handlers peorangan / in foreign terms are called personal hygiene is the key to success in the processing of safe and healthy food . In its application as follows :
1 . Knowing the Source of Contamination From Body
Manusian body than as a working tool , also a source of contamination for other human beings and the environment, including the food and drinks .
. The main source of contamination is important to know is :
Nose , mouth , ears , bowels, skin . All that becomes a source of pollutants from the body is always kept clean so as not to add to the pollution potential .
. Another important source is :

      
Open wounds , ulcers / pus , hair . It should be noted in the handling of food , namely : wounds that cut soon to be covered with a waterproof plaster , dututup hair with hair covering the front so it does not unravel . The wounds have a greater risk in transmitting disease to food , therefore the proposed treatment immediately . Similarly, should be familiarized washed ( wash ) on a regular basis so as not to be contamination by other objects dandruff dandruff in the hair .
. Source of contamination due to the behavior
Besides the body can also be a source of contamination for food managers of behavior that can transmit the disease to other foods such as :
- Hands Dirty
Hand hygiene is very important for everyone , especially for food handlers , hand-washing every day should be familiarized with hand washing will greatly help in memcegah transmission of bacteria from the hands to the food .
- Coughing , sneezing / spray saliva
Sneezing usually comes unnoticed , but on the eve of sneezing already be known so that it can be done the following steps :
1 . Coming away from food
2 . Immediately cover the nose with a handkerchief
3 . Coming out of the room .
- Hair Combing
- Jewelry worn
2 . Treatments that need to be done to prevent pollution
A. Hand
Hands should be kept clean :
· Nails cut short , because the nail will accumulate dirt is the source of germs that could contaminate food .
· The skin should always be in a state besih , home to the skin because the germs that normally live in humans . The skin is not clean will cause contamination to food .
· Free of cosmetics ( nail polish ) , for a cosmetic beauty medication that actually contain harmful toxins , which when entered into a case of food can contaminate food dyes , mercury and so on .
· The skin should besih and injury -free , because the wound kukit will facilitate the development of germs on skin and cause pollution . The skin needs to be maintained not to wound so easy to clean when washing hands .
B. Smoking
Smoking is prohibited at the time of processing food / food processing are indoors , smoking habits food processing environment has risks as beikut :
· Bacteria / germs from the mouth and lips can be transferred to the hands so that it becomes increasingly dirty and so will contaminate the food .
· Abu cigarettes can fall into the food unconsciously and difficult to prevent .
C. Work Clothes
Work clothes only used in the workplace and are not used on the streets , it is recommended to create a uniform for easy supervision , clothes worn from home will be very dirty as the streets so that could be a source of contamination .
D. Jewelry
Jewellery should not be used merely engraved jewelry , such as wedding rings , other jewelry such as watches recommended not used and stored in private storage ( locker ) . Jewelry can lead to the following matters :
· Leather jewelery under a gathering place for germs / bacteria .
· Jewelry carved dirt can be a gathering place as a source of germs work , because it is difficult to clean when washing hands .
A food handler has a close relationship with the consumer society . Especially food handlers who work in the area of food processing to the public , from a food handler who is not good , the disease can spread to the community , its role in the spread of disease by :
· Contact between food handlers suffering from infectious diseases to healthy consumers .
· Contamination of foods by food handlers who are sick , for example, cough / wound in his hand .
· Processing / handling of food by food handlers who are sick / presenting any germs , which are included in the processing / food handlers are
- People who are shopping in the raw materials market / gathering materials to processed foods .
- People who pick and choose food that will be processed .
- People who wash your food
- People who are food processing
- People who organize food ingredients that have been cooked .
- People who bring food from the kitchen .
- People who are tasting / testing food .
- People who share mak