ROLE IN AGRICULTURE Trichoderma

The availability of biological agents in the abundant natural would be a huge potential . This needs to be kept in mind and disseminated to farmers , extension workers , and other agricultural stakeholders . Biological agents that we will discuss today is the fungus Trichoderma . Potential antagonistic fungus Trichoderma as a preventative against fungal plant diseases has made the more widely used by farmers in an effort to control plant pests ( OPT ) . Besides its character as an antagonist also known that Trichoderma sp . Also function as decomposers in the manufacture of organic fertilizer . Trichoderma applications in plant breeding in order to anticipate the pest attack as early as possible to prove that the level of farmers' awareness of the importance of preventive protection has grown slowly .
Trichoderma sp are often used to control Fusariumoxysporum ( cause stem rot disease on vanilla plant ) , Phytophtora sp ( disease-causing stem rot on pepper plants ) and Rigidoporus lignosus ( white root disease-causing fungus on rubber plant ) . It also effectively control Phytium sp which is a soil -borne pathogens causing damping-off disease on beans .
This fungus has several advantages , among others :
1 . Easily isolated , developed , and wide adaptability
2 . Easily found in soil planting area , allows for growth at the moment the application easier .
3 . Can grow rapidly on a variety of substrates .
4 . Having a wide range mikroparasitisme .
5 . generally not patoen in plants .
Trichoderma fungi have the ability to increase the speed of plant growth and development , particularly its ability to cause the production of healthy roots and increase the depth of the roots ( deeper below ground level ) . The deeper root causes plants to become more resistant to drought , such as the corn crop and ornamental plants .
The mechanism of this antagonistic fungus can be understood as follows . When pathogenic microbes are in a period of dormancy , antagonistic fungus Trichoderma attack can cause damage to biological pathogen inoculum . This antagonistic mechanism may be predation , perparasi , and parasitism propagules . Another form of antagonism is the suppression of germination propagules through the competition of carbon , nitrogen , iron ions , oxygen and other important elements . While on the surface tanman antagonists include antibiosis , competition and predation .
Mikoparasitisme of Trichoderma Sp . is a complex process consisting of several stages in the attacking host. Initial interaction of Trichoderma Sp . that is by hifanya veering towards fungal host is attacked , this phenomenon indicates kemotropik response to Trichoderma Sp . due to the stimulation of the host hyfa or chemical compounds released by the host fungus . When it reaches its host mikoparasit , hifanya then twist or squeeze the host hyphae by forming structures such as hooks ( hook - like structure ) , this mikoparasit Juka sometimes penetrates the host mycelium partially degrade the host cell wall .
Mechanism of action of Trichoderma spp . ( one of which is T. koningii ) is a way of suppressing the development of JAP with antibiotics and mikroparasitisme formation , competition and colonization rizomorfa . The mechanism of destruction Roots Mushroom White ( JAP ) occurs through the process of lysis of mycelium and rizomorfa . Lysis is an enzymatic process by cellulose enzymes produced by T. koningii .
Trichoderma harzianum suppress the growth of fungi on plants kentang.Jamur phythoptora infestan trichoderma fungal isolates harsianum is local , so if using compost will support the breeding of this trichoderma fungi that can suppress the growth of Phythopthora dilahan potatoes .
Trichoderma is one type of fungus mikroparasitik / fungus is parasitic on the type sifat2 lain.Nah because of this that trichoderma can be utilized as a biocontrol agent against fungal jenis2 fitopatogen . Advantages and keunggulanya is easily monitored and can breed , so its presence in the environment to survive .
referensi picture :
http://www.gerbangpertanian.com/2013/01/peran-jamur-trichoderma-dalam-pertanian.html

Advantages and disadvantages of biological agents

Agricultural conditions is of increasing concern. Land is getting damaged due to chemical fertilizer / synthetic lopsided , excessive use of synthetic pesticides cause damage to the ecosystem . Of this condition still exists behind the spirit to return to a healthy and natural farming . One of them is by the use of botanical pesticides and biological agents in the control of plant pests .
Biological control of late too much world attention and often discussed in the seminar or congress , as well as a script written in a journal or literature , especially with regard to plant diseases . Control of plant diseases using biological control emerged as concerns the world community due to the use of synthetic chemical pesticides . The existence of such concerns make biological control be one way to control plant pathogens option that should be considered ( Soesanto , 2008) .
Understanding biological agents according to FAO (1988 ) is a microorganism , whether occurring naturally as bacteria , fungi , viruses and protozoa , as well as genetically engineered (genetically modified microorganisms ) that are used to control plant pests ( OPT ) . This understanding is then fitted with the definition by FAO (1997 ) , which is an organism that can reproduce itself as parasitoids , predators , parasites , herbivorous arthropods , and pathogens .
Given the importance of the development of biological agents in agriculture , Indonesia also issued a definition through the Minister of Agriculture No. 411 of 1995 , which is any organism that includes species , subspecies , varieties , all kinds of insects , nematodes , protozoa , fungi ( fungi ) , bacteria , viruses , mycoplasma , as well as other organisms in all the stages of development that can be used for the purpose of controlling pests and diseases or pests , the process of production , processing of agricultural products , and a variety of other purposes .The use of biological agents is believed to have a comparative advantage in accordance with the principle of the balance of the ecosystem . Utilizing the natural enemies of pests and diseases of agricultural plant pests . As an example of maspary own experience in the control of wilt disease in pepper , tomatoes and potatoes , use of chemical fungicides and bactericides are no longer able to control it . Similarly, the crackle of disease control in rice , Corynebacterium still masters .
Biological agents has advantages :

    Selective, meaning that the microbes in the biological agent would not attack the organisms that are beneficial to plants as biological agents to attack only the target pest .
    Already available in nature . Actually naturally biological agents already available in nature , but due to the improper use of pesticides led to balance of the ecosystem and the population began to falter disturbed .
    Being able to target its own , because biological agents are living organisms that are pathogenic to pests , then the biological agent can naturally find the target pests and diseases .
    There are no side effects .
    Relatively inexpensive .
    Not cause resistance of target pests .
Disadvantages of biological agents :

    Work slowly . This condition often makes farmers can not wait for the results and considers biological agents are not effective. Finally farmers switched back to chemical pesticides .
    Difficult to predict the outcome . The proliferation of biological agents after application depends on the ecosystem at the time of application . If the conditions are supportive , then the growth of biological agents will be maximal .
    More optimal when used for preventive , because it takes time to grow . Less suitable for curative , especially when there was an explosion of pests because it works slowly .
    The use as often as possible .
    In certain types of biological hard mass developed .

PRESCRIPTION HERBAL FIGHT withdrawal (DRUG ADDICTION)

to overcome drug addiction (withdrawal). This recipe is not haphazard but according to the research of Prof. Dr. Pramod Suwijiyo, lecturer at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University who is also researching herbs for drug addicts.
 
Ingredients:
     Ginger: 30 g
     Centella asiatica: 20 gr
     Bitter: 10 gr
     Meniran: 30 gr
     Sidaguri: 60 gr
 
How to make:
     All the materials we wash
     Boil 6 cups of water in a pan / skillet over low heat soil.
     After about 3 cups stay turned off

Dosage and drinking rules:

     Drink 3 times a day @ 1 cup.
     So herbal recipe above is only for one day.
referensi picture:
http://www.gerbangpertanian.com/2013/02/reseb-herbal-mengatasi-sakaw-kecanduan.html

honey turmeric prescription ulcer drug

Do not be long winded, if you want to try please hopefully paired with ulcer disease suffered peers:

Materials and Equipment:

     Masters turmeric (turmeric old, or tuber turmeric) that is cut is usually dark yellow.
     Honey (according to the title)
     granulated sugar
     boiling water
     scar
     glass
     tablespoon
     sieve

How to make:

     Grate the turmeric masters masters approximately 2-3
     While chaotic turmeric boiled water about half a glass
     Squeeze the turmeric and water take approximately 2 tablespoons (not given water)
     Enter one tablespoon of honey
     Enter the granulated sugar spoon sepucuk
     Stir until smooth
     Add boiling water about 75 ml (1/3 small cup or glass starfruit)
     Stir until smooth
     Drink warm morning before breakfast and the evening before dinner
     Do it for 5 days, Insha Allah cured.

way crossing the rice plant

Let us start crossing the rice :

•     Setting up of two rice varieties that have different advantages .
•     Planted as always wait until it starts out panicle
•     For those who have never seen flowers please see the picture paddy rice flower shots maspary above .
•     Take the flowers of the male parent will we inbred
•     In the female parent , when the panicle rice out three quarters do pemotongon third panicles from above
•     Open with tweezers rice flower petals that have not been opened .
•     Then cut 6 stamens ( usually in the petals there are 6 stamens and 1 pistil )
•     Then paste - paste stamens of the male parent to the female parent pistil .
•     Rice grains that have not been mated dirontok alone .
•     Do not forget to mark the grain we have the inbred
•     Then let it grow rice panicle and exceptional to form grains ( until harvest time )
•     Grain we have the inbred we plant again
•     Of planting will usually result in some characters of rice plants . Take the desired character .
•     To stabilize the result of crosses that we get the best rice seleksian our results with the parent inbred males and females , respectively 3 times .
•     To reduce the possibility of marriage with rice that we do not want , preferably in planting rice plants that we have wasted our inbred rice plants that exist alongside a minimum of 1 meter from the edge