waste processing and Lindi
Background
processing waste and leachate Development is basically an attempt to
improve people's lives by way of utilizing and managing natural
resources owned , but on the other hand , this development can also
cause negative impacts on the environment which results in changes in
the biophysical environment , socio-economic environment and cultural environment . Development
of Final Disposal ( TPA ) of waste is also one of the national programs
in the area , which relates to the provision of shelter rubbish . The most basic is to clean up the rubbish from the center of waste
production caused by human activities , such as residential areas ,
shops , markets , trading places and offices , and places of social
activities ( mosques , churches , hospitals , and terminals ) .
The
activity is a collection of first ( primary ) is the collection of
garbage from the production process to Disposal Location While ( LPS ) ,
the implementation is done by members of the community . While
the collection of the second stage ( secondary ) from a landfill to
landfill while the implementation is done by the Department of Health . Rubbish
that can be produced is transported from LPS will ultimately require
destruction facility ( disposal ) in order to create an environment that
is clean , Development Final Disposal ( TPA ) of waste is also one of
the national programs in the area , which relates to the provision of
Shelter End garbage that was in Toisapudapat minimize landfill waste problems in places waste production .
The
most fundamental problem adalahpertanahan or availability of sufficient
land to support the construction of the landfill sertapendanaan and
construction procedures . In operation tahappasca should still anticipate land use plan in accordance with the Spatial Plan in Toisapu . Construction of the landfill and its operation is expected to have an impact on the environment , both positive and negative . Recognizing
the influence of these activities on the environment and , based on the
Government Regulation Number 27 of 1999 on Environmental Analysis
MengenaiDampak in Article 3, paragraph 4 , as well as referring to
Decree No. meteri PekerjaanUmum . 481/KPTS/1996
about the types of activities the Field of Public Works Requiring
Environmental Management Effort ( UKL ) and Environmental Monitoring
Plan ( UPL ) , in order to meet the requirements in order to carry out
the construction of the landfill viable and environmentally sound . UKL
UPL document preparation and construction of the landfill plan
activities carried out by the Environment Minister 's decision No. 86 of
2002 on Guidelines for the Implementation of Public - UPL.Dokumen UKL
is expected to be able to assess the impact and produce a step by step
handling of the environmental impact and reduce the impact negative and optimize / maximize positive impacts arising .
B. PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to estimate Knowing how to Assess and
evaluate the environmental impacts and environmental impacts of planned
activities at the pre-construction , construction and post- construction
of the components of the environment and identify impacts arising from
development activities landfill .
A. Assessment of waste processing and LindiWaste problem is still a serious problem that needs to be handled at this time of Ambon city government . Whether it gives understanding to the public until the completion of waste management . Not even a half-hearted Ambon city government in cooperation with the Dutch government Vlissingen . The Dutch government itself has membangunan Waste Place in Toisapu to process garbage in the city of Ambon . Waste management measures taken by the government of Ambon city turned out to date has not yielded maximum results . Household garbage and trash from the merchants in various places are still scattered on the road . No
half-hearted , Ay patty road which is the main street in downtown Ambon
there are still a number of shops and supermarkets who put trash on the
curb . Though this will add to the face of the city into semberawut . Public awareness is also so far not moved by such littering the streets , the flow of the river and dumped into the sea . Besides the provision of bins is also very minimal .
1 . Waste ProcessingSampahadalah management of collection, transportation , processing , recycling , or disposal of waste materials . This
phrase usually refers to waste materials resulting from human
activities , and usually managed to reduce its impact on health , the
environment or the beauty . Waste management is also carried out to recover resources . Waste
management practices will vary between developed countries and
developing countries , also differ between urban and rural areas , as
well as between different residential areas with industrial areas . Non-hazardous waste management of settlements and institutions in
metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of the local government
, while the garbage from commercial and industrial areas are usually
handled by a waste processing company .
2 . Waste Management ParadigmAccumulation
of trash in a landfill is due to almost all local governments in
Indonesia still adhered to the old paradigm of municipal solid waste
management , which focuses only on the transport and final disposal . TPA
with land systems that are environmentally friendly sanitary urug was
not friendly in the financing aspect , because pembutuhkan high cost for
the investment , construction , operation and maintenance . To overcome these problems , it is time to change the mindset of local government more nuanced environment . The
concept of an integrated waste management it was time to applied , ie
by minimizing waste and maximizing recycling and composting with
environmentally friendly landfill . The new paradigm is more waste management is a cycle that is in line with the concept of ecology . New energy resulting from the decomposition of waste and recycling process can be utilized optimally .
3 . Leachate TreatmentInstalling
or leachate treatment ponds serve to reduce levels of pollutants
leachate up in accordance with the provisions of the applicable effluent
standards . Given
the characteristics of the leachate is dominated by the organic
component with an average BOD value of 2000-10000 ppm ( Qasim , 1994) ,
the suggested minimum leachate treatment by the biological treatment
process ( secondary treatment) . Leachate
treatment process needs to pay attention to the discharge of leachate ,
leachate characteristics and receiving water bodies where effluent
discharge . This
is related to the selection of treatment processes , determining the
capacity and dimensions as well as the computation time of a detention
pond . Given
the biological process will be greatly influenced by the ability of
microorganisms activity , then conditioning and process control plays an
important role . As an example of the failure that occurs during this process is
because of the absence of seeding and acclimatization biological
processes , so that the efficiency of the process can not be predicted
even tend to be very low .
In general, leachate treatment process simply consists of the following phases :
Leachate collection , done in an aggregator
Anaerobic process , carried out in an anaerobic ( depth > 2m ) . This process is expected to decrease to 60 % BOD
Facultative process is a process of transition from anaerobic , facultative pond performed at . This process is expected to reduce BOD by 70 %
Maturation or stabilization process , carried out at the pool with the maturation process efficiency 80 %
Land treatment , carried out by making the land that serves as a
biological filter which consists of fibers , sand , soil and plant
material that can absorb pollutants .
Under
conditions of effluent has not achieved the expected value of the
effluent , the process can be done to the land of leachate recirculation
landfill waste through the gas vent pipe . The existence of a similar process of " trickling filters " , is expected to reduce levels of BOD leachate .
B. Dukumen UKL and UPLPreparation
of UKL and UPL , includes a description of the plan of activities (
type of activity , location plan and his position with the general plan
layout , spacing and location of the natural resources of other
activities , facility / facilities are planned , the process to be
carried out ) , the environmental components that may be affected
, the impact is going to happen ( the source of impact , type of impact
, the nature and impact benchmarks ) , environmental management efforts
must be implemented by pemraakarsa , environmental monitoring efforts
that must be implemented by the proponent ( the type of impact to be
monitored , monitoring locations , monitoring time and way
of monitoring ) , the implementation of reporting mechanisms UKL / UPL
during activities implemented ( instansipembina , BPLDH and related
technical services ) . This document is also equipped with a statement signed by the proponent to implement environmental management efforts .
1 . generalLandfill
is a landfill that will accept all the risks associated with waste
disposal patterns , especially with regard to the possibility of
pencemaram leachate (leachate ) kebadan water and ground water , as well
as the breeding of disease vectors such as flies ( Judith , 1996 ) . According
to Qasim (1994 ) and Thobanoglous (1993 ) , the potential for
contamination of leachate and gas from a landfill to the surrounding
environment is quite large considering the formation of leachate and gas
can take place in a long time ie 20-30 years after the landfill is
closed . Thus, there needs to be an effort that must be made for securing environmental pollution . Landfill
environmental protection efforts are needed in order to reduce the
potential impacts that may occur during the final disposal activities
take place . These efforts include :
Determination of eligible landfill ( SNI No. . 03-3241-1997 on Procedures for Landfill Site Selection ) .
Development of adequate landfill facility , in accordance with the
requirements of the landfill operation and reclamation of landfill in
accordance with the land use and spatial planning .
Postoperative monitoring of the former land TPA.Selain it should also
be improved landfill management of more adequately , especially the
availability of competent human resources preparation sertaketer
landfill operation and maintenance costs
2 . Scope of MaterialsThe scope of the material to be covered in the UKL and UPL documents carried by systematics as follows :
2.1 Identification Activity PlanToisapu landfill development activities aim to address the garbage
problem in the city of Ambon , which includes an action plan that may
give rise to significant impacts or potentially impacted by its
activities in accordance with the stages , namely pre-construction ,
construction and post- construction .
2.2 Preliminary Identification of Environmental RonaRona
initial environment consists of components geophysical - chemical ,
biological , cultural and socio - economic and public health . Rona neighborhoods identified primarily affected by the landfill
development activities , including other supporting activities which are
near the project site as well as the impact on the environment .
2.3 Environmental Impact Will HappenEstimate
or determine the type and intensity of the impact of planned activities
on the landfill development environment components . While the main focus of the study conducted on the environmental components that will be affected are:
· The quality of surface and ground water
· Air quality and noise levels
· Component Flora and Fauna
· Components socioeconomic culture , including the attitudes and perceptions .
· System of transport and traffic volumes about the location of activities
· Components of public health .
2.4 Environmental Management and Monitoring Efforts
Providing advice follow the environmental management and monitoring in
an effort to prevent / mitigate the negative impacts and maximize
positive impacts associated with the construction of the landfill
a. Landfill Site SelectionTo
anticipate the negative impact caused by waste disposal methods are not
adequate as selaluterjadi in various cities in Indonesia , the most
important step is to choose a location that is in accordance with the
SNI No. persyaratan.Sesuai . 03-3241-1997 on Landfill Site Selection Procedure , that the location meets the requirements of the landfill are :
Distance from the nearest housing 500 m
Distance of 100 m of water bodies
1500 m distance from the airport ( propeller aircraft ) and 3000 m ( jet aircraft ) ground water > 3 m
Type clay with a hydraulic conductivity < 10-6 cm / sec is unproductive land
Flood-free
period of at least 25 years of landfill site selection as a first step
in improving metodepembuangan final waste , requires careful through a
comprehensive tahapanstudi ( feasibility study and environmental impact
study ) . Sulitnyamendapatkan
adequate land within the city , it is advisable untukmemilih landfill
that can be used on a regional basis . For location TPAyang too far ( > 25 km ) can use the transfer station system .
b . Field surveys and measurements
Data for the manufacture of DED landfill should include :
- The amount of waste to be disposed of to landfill
- The composition and characteristics of the waste
- Data network path to the location of the landfill
Numbers of carriers ( trucks ) that data collection can be done
directly ( primary ) or indirect ( secondary ) . Measurement is
performed to determine a data field environmental conditions such as
landfill :
ü soil characteristics , including physical characteristics ( soil
composition , hydraulic conductivity , pH , CEC , etc. ) and chemical
characteristics ( soil mineral composition , anions and cations )
ü Sondir and geophysic
ü groundwater conditions , including the depth of water table ,
groundwater flow direction , groundwater quality ( COD , BOD , Chloride ,
Fe , Organic and others)
ü surface water conditions , covering the distance from the
landfill , water level , rainfall fluctuations and drought airmusim
level , river water quality ( BOD , COD , heavy metals , chloride ,
sulphate , pesticides , etc. )
ü Location springs ( if any ) including discharge .
ü Air quality , including levels of CH4 , COx , SOx , NOx and others.
ü The number of residents living close to the landfill ( radius < 500 m )
c . plan
Planning a landfill Detail Engineering Design ( DED ) , must be able to anticipate the occurrence of environmental pollution . Thus, the landfill plan should include :
- Design site plan according to the conditions of land available
-
Design facilities include public facilities ( and jalanoperasi driveway
, drainage , landfill office , fence ) , environmental protection
facilities ( dikes , water-resistant base layer , network danpengolah
leachate collection , gas vents , barriers , ground cover , well testing
, tools beratdan etc. ) and support facilities ( clean water , workshops , weighbridge etc. )
- Stages of development tailored to the ability to build a landfill
pendanaandaerah so with the most minimal conditions of the landfill can
function without polluting the environment .d . land acquisition
Liberation
landfill needs to consider the social impacts that may arise as
inadequate compensation for people whose land affected by the project . Area of land acquired can be used to accommodate a minimum of trash for 5 years .e . granting permission
Landfill permits must be accompanied by a variety of consequences such
as banning the construction of a residential or industrial area in a
radius < 500 m from the landfill , to avoid the negative impacts that
may arise from various activities landfill
f . socialization
To
avoid social protests over the presence of a landfill , there should be
public information dissemination and advocacy of what a landfill , how
to operate a landfill and the possible negative impact that dapatterjadi
but accompanied by plans or attempts manager untukmenanggulangi
problems that may arise and the public response to the development plan landfill . Socialization bertahapdan done much prior to planning .
3.2 Construction Phase
a. Mobilization and Equipment
1 ) Labor
Labor is the labor required to carry out the construction work of the landfill . For
professionals such as staff supervision , structure and foremen experts
should be recruited in accordance with the requirements of the
qualification , while for the labor or security personnel can be
recruited from the local power ( if any ) . Local recruitment is to avoid konflikatau social jealousy .
2 ) Tool
Mobilization of construction equipment will likely impact of noise and dust , but it is only temporary . For the mobilization or demobilization agardapat cultivated done
padasaat heavy equipment traffic in a state of quiet and not through
settlements yangpadat .
b . Clearing land ( land clearing )
Land clearing will lead to a reduction in the number of plants and the
effects of dust that needs to be done instead of planting trees .
c . Construction of public facilities
1 ) Roads in landfill
The
driveway will be used by landfill waste carrier vehicles with a
capacity large enough , so that the classes road and street width will
need to pay attention to the load through and queues that may occur . Arrangements for vehicle traffic will enter and exit the landfill in
such a way so as to avoid long queues because it can reduce the
efficiency of the transport .
2 ) Office of the landfill
Office
serves as an office controlling landfill final disposal activities
ranging from weighing / recording of incoming waste ( source , volume /
weight , composition , etc. ) , control of operations , landfill
management settings and others. Broad and landfill construction bangunankantor these functions need to pay attention . It can also be equipped with simple laboratory space for analytical
quality of leachate and effluent leachate to be discharged kebadan
receiving water .
3 ) Drainage
Drainage around the landfill is required to collect rain water in
order tidakmasuk to landfill heap area , in addition to preventing trash
areatimbunan tergenangnya also to reduce leachate generation .
4 ) Fences landfill
Fences in addition to functioning as a boundary TPA TPA TPA and
security can also serve as a green barrier to the landfill then the
fence should be made using living plants with jenispohon lush and fast
growing trees such as Angsan
d . Construction of environmental protection facilities
1 ) Basic Coatings , Water Proofing
Impermeable base layer serves to prevent leachate contamination of the groundwater . For
those reasons, the basic construction of the landfill should be fairly
watertight , either by using a layer dasargeomembrane / geotextile or
clay layer dengankepadatan and adequate permeability ( < 10-6 cm /
sec ) . Lapisantanah clay should consist of 2 layers each 30cm thick . This is done to prevent the occurrence of cracks akibatkerusakan first layer as exposed long enough . In addition ituuntuk avoid cracking clay base layer , then prior to peninmbunan should base layer " shielded " . For example, grass planting can be done other atauupaya adequate .
2 ) Network Collecting Leachate
Pipeline
network at the base of the landfill leachate collection serves to
mengalirkanlindi formed from landfill waste to leachate storage ponds . Leachate collection network can be either perforated PVC pipe yangdilindungi by gravel . Type kebutuhanseperti adapted to a broad network of landfill , tingggi embankment , discharge leachate and others.
3 ) Leachate Treatment
Installing
or leachate treatment pond serves to lower the leachate kadarpencemar
up in accordance with the effluent standards yangberlaku . Given
the characteristics of the leachate is dominated by components
organikdengan average BOD value 2000-10000 ppm ( Qasim , 1994) , the
recommended minimum makapengolahan leachate with pengolahanbiologi
process ( secondary treatment) . Leachate
treatment process perlumemperhatikan discharge leachate , leachate
characteristics and discharge effluent water bodies penerimatempat . This is related to pemilihanproses processing , determination of capacity and dimensions sertaperhitungan pond detention time .
Given
the biological process will be greatly influenced by kemampuanaktivitas
microorganisms , the conditioning and control prosesmemegang important
role . As an example of the failure of this process is yangterjadi during
the absence of seeding efforts danaklimatisasi biological processes ,
so that the efficiency of the process dapatdiprediksi not even tend to
be very common rendah.Secara leachate treatment process simply consists
fromfew stages as follows :
ü leachate collection , done in an aggregator
ü anaerobic process , carried out in an anaerobic ( depth > 2m ) . process is expected to decrease to 60 % BOD
ü Process which is a facultative anaerobic process of transition from , performed in the facultative pond . This process is expected to menurunkanBOD up to 70 %
ü The process of maturation or stabilization , performed in an denganefisiensi maturation process 80 %
ü Land treatment , carried out by making land berfungsisebagai
biological filter consisting of fibers , sand , soil dantanaman that can
absorb pollutants .
Under
conditions have not been able to achieve effluent effluent
yangdiharapkan value , it can be done leachate recirculation process
lahantimbunan trash through the pipe to vent the gas . The existence of a similar process of " trickling filters " , is expected to reduce levels of BOD leachate .
e . Construction of support facilities
1 ) Water Facility
Clean
water is needed for cleaning landfill pengangkutsampah vehicles (
trucks ) , heavy equipment , the need for bathing, washing and landfill
workers and visitors . Additionally if possible jugadiperlukan clean water to flush the area
surrounding dust accumulation secaraberkala to reduce air pollution .
2 ) Workshop
Workshop
on landfill required for the maintenance of heavy equipment
sertamemperbaiki vehicles suffered minor damage which terjadidi landfill
, so as not to interfere with the operation pembuangansampah . Workshop equipment must be adapted to the type of kerusakanyang be addressed .
3.3 Post- Construction Phase
a. Landfill Operation and Maintenance
Operation and maintenance of the landfill is the most difficult to implement of all phases of landfill management . Although
the existing landfill facilities are adequate , if the operation and
maintenance of the landfill is not done properly it will still happen
environmental pollution . To avoid the negative impacts that may arise , the operation of waste
disposal is done by taking into account the following matters :
1 ) Application of cell systems
Application of the cell system requires setting clear waste disposal
sites , including the installation of traffic signs garbage truck ,
truck driver discipline to dispose of waste in a predetermined cell and
others
2 ) Compaction trash in such a way in order to achieve a density of 700 kg/m3 , which is the trajectory x 5 heavy equipment . For the compaction process on the first layer needs to be done
carefully so as not to damage the heavy equipment leachate pipeline that
could cause leakage of leachate .
3 ) Treatment of leachate conditioned to optimize the treatment
process either through the process of anaerobic , aerobic , facultative ,
maturation and recirculation of leachate , thus achieved the effluent
that meets quality standards ( BOD 30-150 ppm )
b . Reclamation landfill
To
avoid a negative impact , because the process of decomposition of waste
into leachate and gas takes place in a very long time of 30 years (
Thobanoglous , 1993) , then the landfill is recommended for green open
land or in accordance with the land use plan . If the landfill will be used as a residential area or other buildings ,
it is necessary to take into account the safety factor of the building
to the fullest .
c . Postoperative monitoring of landfill
Monitoring
environmental quality postoperative TPA required to determine whether
there is contamination well as basic landfill leakage , tissue leachate
collection , leachate treatment process is inadequate or leak gas vent
pipe . Facilities that are required for monitoring test wells and a gas vent pipe is shielded . Test wells should be at least 3 units , which are located before
peninmbunan area , close to the landfill and after the accumulation area
.
Bibliography waste processing and Lindi
Anonymous , 2009. Garbage Costs Still Being Seriously , http://www.dmsfm.com accessed 06 JUNE 2009 .
Nurandani , Haryono . , 2009. Leachate treatment evaluation . eprints.undip.ac.id / pdf .
Anonymous , 2008. UKL-UPL - talangagung . http://samowob.files.wordpress.com/ pdf
Anonymous , 2009. Environmental aspects - landfill waste . http://www.scribd.com/doc
