Kinds and Types of Air Pollution

Kinds and Types of Air Pollution
a. Air Pollution
types of air pollution caused by exhaust fumes , eg combustion products CO2 , SO , SO2 , CFC , CO , and smoke cigarettes .
1 ) . CO2
Air pollution is the most prominent is the increasing levels of CO2 in the air . Carbon dioxide that comes from the factory , the machines that use fossil fuels ( coal , petroleum ) , also from cars , boats , airplanes , and wood burning . Increased levels of CO2 in the air is not immediately converted into oxygen by plants because many forests are cut down worldwide . As outlined above , it can thus lead to the greenhouse effect .
2 ) . CO
In the home environment contamination can also occur . For example , the engine in a closed garage . If the combustion process in the engine is not perfect , then the combustion process that produces gas CO ( carbon monoxide ) that came out filled the room . It can be dangerous to people who are in the garage . In addition , turn on the air conditioning when sleeping in the car in a closed state is also dangerous . CO gas leaks from the exhaust would get in the car , so it can lead to deaths of members .
3 ) . CFC
Pencemara other hazardous air is a gas khloro fluoro carbon ( CFC abbreviated ) . CFC gas is used as a gas developers , as no action , odorless , tasteless , and harmless . This gas can be used for example to develop the foam ( foam seat ) , to AC ( Freon ) , cooling on ice wardrobe , and hair spray ( hair spray ) .
CFC soaring gas can reach the stratosphere there is a layer of ozone gas ( O3 ) . The ozone layer is a protective effect of ultraviolet light on the earth . If tidakl no ozone layer , ultraviolet light radiation reaching the Earth's surface , causing the death of the organism , plants become stunted , causing genetic mutations , menyebebkan skin cancer or cancer of the retina of the eye . When CFCs reach the ozone gas , a reaction will occur between CFCs and ozone , the ozone layer so that the " hollow " is referred to as a " hole " ozone . According to observations by the spacecraft , the ozone hole at the South Pole is widening . Today this area has been exceeded three times the size of continental Europe . Because of the use of air conditioning should be limited .
4 ) . SO , SO2
Sulfur oxides ( SO , SO2 ) in the air is also produced by the burning of fossil ( oil , coal ) . The gas can react with nitrogen oxides and rain water , which causes the rain water becomes acidic. Then there was acid rain .
Acid rain results in plants and land animals die . Agricultural production slumped . Iron and easily corroded metal . Old buildings , such as temples , become worn and damaged quickly . Similarly gedungdan bridge building .
5 ) . Cigarette smoke
Other air pollutants that are harmful to health is cigarette smoke . Cigarette smoke contains various contaminants that can menyababkan chronic cough , lung cancer patu , affect the fetus in the womb and a variety of other health problems .
Smokers can be differentiated into two active smokers and passive smokers . Active smokers were those who smoked . Passive smokers are people who do not smoke but inhale cigarette smoke in a room .
According to the study , passive smokers have a greater risk compared to active smokers .
So , smoking in the room with other people who do not smoke can damage the health of others.
Consequences caused by air pollution , among others :
§ Disruption of human health , such as coughs and respiratory diseases ( bronchitis , emphysema , and lung cancer possibility .
§ Damage to buildings due to weathering , corrosion of the metal , and paint color fade .
§ Disruption oertumbuhan tananam , such as yellowing of leaves or plants kerdilnya due to high concentrations of SO2 or acidic gases . The existence of the greenhouse effect events ( green house effect) that could raise global temperatures and can change the Earth's climate patterns and polar ice caps melt . When the ice melted the sea level would rise thus affecting the ecological balance .
§ The occurrence of acid rain pollution caused by nitrogen oxides .

Efforts to Prevent Environmental Pollution

Efforts to Prevent Environmental Pollution :
Various attempts have been made , both by government and the community to tackle environmental pollution , including through education and environmental regulation . However , these efforts will not be successful if there is no support and public awareness of the environment .
To prove our concern for the environment , we need to act . Some ways you can do to cope with environmental pollution , including the following :
1 ) Disposing of waste in place
Throw garbage into rivers or sewers will mislead obstructed water flow . As a result , samapah will accumulate and rot . Besides rotting garbage cause odor will also be a breeding ground for various types of diseases . Moreover, it could led to flooding in the rainy season .
Furthermore , organic waste dumped in the ground so that it becomes compost . The inorganic waste such as plastic and tin cans can be recycled into household appliances and other items .
2 ) Reduction of industrial waste
Waste from industry especially those containing chemical ingredients , before being discharged should be processed first . This will reduce pollutants in the water . Denan Thus , materials from waste contaminants that contain ingredients that are toxic can be removed so as not to disturb the ecosystem .
3 ) Reduction of air pollution
Air pollution caused by burning the rest of the motor vehicle and factory smoke , can be prevented and mitigated by reducing fuel consumption . Needs to consider alternative sources of substitute fuels that are environmentally friendly , such as electric -energy vehicles . In addition , an attempt is made to assess and limit the number of vehicles in operation viable . Especially the control and inspection of exhaust fumes and motor vehicle exhaust .
4 ) Held greenery in big cities
Plants are able to absorb CO2 in the air for photosynthesis . The presence of green belt will reduce the levels of CO2 in the air comes from motor vehicle fumes or smoke from factories . Thus , green plants can reduce air pollution . In addition , green plants release O2 into the atmosphere .
5 ) The use of fertilizers and pesticides appropriate plant
Fertilizer on crops could increase agricultural output . However , on the other hand can cause pollution if manure is entered into the waters . Eutrofikai is one of the negative impacts caused by artificial fertilizers that enter the waters .
So is the use of anti- pest plants . If the usage exceeds the specified dose will cause pollution . In addition to polluting the environment also can cause the extinction of a particular organism is needed .
6 ) Reduction in the use of CFCs
To eliminate the levels of CFCs in the atmosphere takes about a hundred years one way to overcome that is by reducing the unnecessary use of CFCs by humans . Reduce the use of CFC use could prevent the destruction of the ozone layer in the atmosphere that can reduce global warming .
Besides the effort to do well are :
1 ) Meenempatkan industrial or manufacturing areas away from residential areas or settlements.
2 ) Disposal of industrial waste regulated so as not to pollute the environment or ecosystem .
3 ) Monitoring the use of the types of pesticides and other chemicals that can cause environmental pollution .
4 ) Expand the green movement .
5 ) The disciplinary action against the perpetrators of environmental pollution .
6 ) Provide awareness to the public about the meaning of the environment so that human life more loving environment ,
Reference source http://id 20Folder/Pencemaran % h % % 20Pencemaran % 20Lingkungan 20Lingkungan.htm
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_udara " Koran Sindo , Issue 16 April 2009-11-06 Ambon Express newspaper , dated 3 September 2009

processing of forest resources and iso 14000

processing of forest resources and iso 14000
In line with efforts to increase the role of community in natural resource management , forestry has been developed in the field of business credit community forests ( Kuhr ) to the community . Until 2000 the amount of loan funds have been disbursed for the development of community forest partnerships of Rp 107.6 billion to an area of ​​46.7 thousand hectares with a number of farmers participating in as many as 45 thousand people . In addition, in some national park buffer zones have developed programs to empower people so that they have an alternative income that is aligned with the preservation of existing conservation areas .
In order to increase public participation in the development of conservation areas , do love natural building development activities for the youth cadre of conservation with the aim that they can convey the importance of conservation of natural resources and ecosystems to society . In 2000 the establishment of a cadre of conservation has been carried out as many as 92 people in Central Java and West Java ; conservation cadre entry level 115 people in the Thousand Islands and West Nusa Tenggara ; conservation of mid-level cadres as many as 60 people in South Sulawesi ; cadre of conservation and nature groups as many as 145 people in Ujung Kulon National Park and West Nusa Tenggara ; coaching youth Saka Wana Bakti 40 people in South Sulawesi ; education group formation Bina Nature Island Datok 30 people in Trench Mountain National Park - West Kalimantan ; environmental education for teachers and students of junior and senior high school as many as 126 people in Trench Mountain National Park - West Kalimantan .
In the development of partnerships with community agencies conducted pioneering partnership small and medium businesses to utilize raw materials and products are environmentally friendly, entrepreneurial development of vulnerable people through the introduction of environmentally friendly business activities and utilization of agricultural waste and non-timber forest products , as well as policy formulation ingredients for the protection and empowerment of vulnerable people , especially Remote Indigenous Communities ( KAT ) . To maintain the traditional wisdom in preserving the environment have been inventoried and documentation in the form of the book "Flowers Potpourri Environmental Wisdom " of various categories of people , namely the coastal , inland and settled agriculture . To enhance the role of women and gender equality , efforts are information dissemination roles , rights , and opportunities for women in the management of natural resources and the environment to the local communities .
ü Follow-up Required
To achieve the goals of development in the field of natural resources and at the same predetermined overcome the problems and challenges faced , the strategies pursued directed towards : managing natural resources , both renewable and non-renewable ; uphold the law fairly and consistently to avoid the destruction of natural resources and environmental pollution ; delegate authority and responsibility to local governments in the management of natural resources and the environment are gradually ; empower communities in the management of natural resources and environment for improving the welfare of local communities ; and maintain existing conservation areas and establish new conservation areas in certain regions .
The strategy is translated into the follow-up measures in the form of development programs that contain activities that will be implemented in the coming years . Such activities include efforts aimed at supporting the development and improvement of information access to natural resources and the environment through : refinement of the data potential of natural resources ; establishment of an information network mechanisms of natural resources and the environment at the center and the regions ; information systems development and environmental quality monitoring data that is valid and sustainable ; strengthening of forest areas and the establishment of specific areas protected .
Improvement activities such data and information needed to support efforts to increase the effectiveness of the management , conservation and rehabilitation of natural resources . It required : preparation of forest management plans and water resource based Watershed ( DAS ) and spatial priorities ; providing incentives for conservation of natural resources and the preparation of regulatory disincentives in the form of tariffs and user fees for the use of natural resources that are not controlled ; preparation of a conservation area maintenance mechanism involving communities , local governments and the private sector ; critical environmental restoration due to damage to the ecosystem .
In order to support the prevention and control of environmental pollution and damage to the activities relating to the development of environmentally sound technologies ; development of waste management technologies and communal households ; development and dissemination of cleaner production technologies ; water pollution control , land , and air ; supervision and management of radiation safety and nuclear waste .
In the area of ​​institutional arrangement and enforcement in natural resource management and environmental protection , will be measures aimed to support the efforts of : establishment of rules governing the authority and responsibility in the area of ​​natural resource management and the environment; drafting legislation and legal instruments in the field of natural resource management and the environment; guidance to implement industry standard of goods and / or services ( ISO - 14000 , and sustainable forest eco labeling ) in order to compete in the global marketplace ; strict law enforcement and consistent in case of violation of the provisions of the EIA , the exploitation of natural resources without permission , and destruction of natural resources .
Meanwhile , an increase in the role and involvement of the community in the management of natural resources and environmental protection should be improved . The activities undertaken will be directed to the effort : improvement and recognition of the role and ownership of indigenous peoples in the management of natural resources and the environment; preparation of guidelines for public consultation mechanisms in the establishment of policies and regulations for management of natural resources and the environment; development of partnerships with local communities in natural resource management supervision and control of environmental quality .Reference source : Yamit , Zulian ; Production and Operations Management . Ekonesia , Yogyakarta ; 1996 www.Pradigm - consultatn.Com www.tripconsultant.blogspot.com www.blogster.com/ayyunie/sejarah-dan-definisi-iso-240908095226 www , dephut.go.id/REPO16 20Lingkungan20 % % % 20AUDIT kegiatan.co . id www.iso_org/iso/qualiti_manajemen_htmlwww.glacademy.com/isotrainingwww.iso_14000/phpwww.iso14000_html

Relationship with ISO 9000 EIA

Relationship with ISO 9000 EIA
Environmental impact assessment ( EIA ) is an assessment of the impact of a large and important business and or planned activities on the environment necessary for the decision-making process regarding business or activities in Indonesia . EIA made ​​when planning a project that is expected to affect the surrounding environment . The legal basis is Regulation No. EIA . 27, 1999 on " Environmental Impact Assessment " .Activities that have been in operation requires an EIA and to improve compliance in environmental management can conduct voluntary environmental audit is a management and monitoring tool that is internal . Implementation of the Environmental Audit can refer to the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 42 of 1994 on the general implementation of the Environmental Audit Guide . Application of the voluntary environmental management activities that must EIA does not automatically absolve the proponent of the EIA document preparation obligations . However these documents are strongly encouraged to voluntarily prepared by the proponent because it will greatly assist the effective implementation of environmental management as well as to " fix " the existing imperfections in the EIA document . Voluntary environmental document is very diverse and very useful for the proponent , including in the conduct of trade relations with foreign countries . These documents include the Voluntary Environmental Audit , the documents set out in ISO 14000 , which documents the preparation promoted by industry associations / businesses , and others .In managing the environment needs clear standards , such as ISO 9000 is a set of standards for quality management systems ( QMS ) . ISO 9000 is defined by ISO TC 176 , which is an international organization in the field of standardization . ISO 9000 was first issued in 1987 by

 International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee ( ISO / TC ) 176 . [ 1 ] ISO / TC is what is responsible for standards of quality management system . [ 1 ] ISO / TC 176 establishes a review of cycle every five years , to ensure that the standard - ISO 9000 standards will be up to date and relevant to the organization . Revisions to the ISO 9000 standard has been conducted in 1994 and 2000.
1 . The purpose of ISO 9000
Fandy Tjiptono Diana and Anastasia (2002 ) stated that the primary purpose of ISO 9000 is :
a. Organizations must achieve and maintain the quality of products or services produced , so that an ongoing basis to meet the needs of the user (customer ) .
b . Organizations should provide assurance to the management itself that the intended quality is achieved and can be maintained .
c . Organizations should provide assurance to the customer that the quality has been or is intended to be achieved in the products or services that dijua .
2 . Benefits of ISO 9000
The benefits obtained by an organization / institution ( be it educational institution ) who has obtained ISO 9000 certification is obtained a greater access to enter foreign markets ( mainly requires compliance with ISO 9000 ) and have compatibility ( compatibility ) with suppliers from abroad . There are also other additional benefits . Process undertaken by an organization to achieve certification tends to improve the quality and diversity of work that simultaneously also increase productivity , which in turn can also increase the competitiveness of the organization .Sources ReferensiYamit , Zulian ; Production and Operations Management . Ekonesia , Yogyakarta ; 1996 www.Pradigm - consultatn.Com www.tripconsultant.blogspot.com www.blogster.com/ayyunie/sejarah-dan-definisi-iso-240908095226 www , dephut.go.id/REPO16 20Lingkungan20 % % % 20AUDIT kegiatan.co . id www.iso_org / iso / qualiti_manajemen_html www.glacademy.com / isotraining www.iso_14000/phpwww.iso14000_html

EIA Relationship With Environmental Audit

EIA Relationship With Environmental Audit
Environmental impact assessment is a study on the impact of a large and important business and or planned activities on the environment necessary for the decision-making process regarding business or activities in Indonesia . EIA made ​​when planning a project that is expected to affect the surrounding environment . The legal basis is Regulation No. EIA . 27, 1999 on " Environmental Impact Assessment " .
Environmental Auditing is a management tool that includes a systematic evaluation , documented , periodic and objective bgm know about organizational performance , management systems and equipment , dg purpose to facilitate the control of the control measures and environmental impact assessment thd thd regulatory compliance activities of environmental management . According to the International Chamber of Commerce : The environmental audit is a systematic examination of the interaction between each business operation with the surrounding circumstances . Supervision of the audit conducted through the verification process , when the results will be published Internally audit wearable unt increase in a project management environment .
1 . The scope of the Environmental Audit
ü History or series of activities , hue and environmental damage , pengelaolaan and monitoring that is done , as well as environmental issues are concerned.
ü environment hue changes that occur
ü The use of natural resources and material handling processes to dg waste handling
ü Handling and storage of materials B3
ü environmental risk assessment
ü waste handling and management system crash
ü The effectiveness of pollution control equipment
ü Structuring environmental laws and regulations
ü Structuring the EIA recommendations
ü 10.Perencanaan and standard procedures ( SOP )
ü Plan for waste minimization and pollution control
ü recycling program
ü The use of energy , water , and other natural resources
ü Increased human resource capacity and environmental awareness .
Environmental audit implies the following ideas :
ü A set of planned environmental regulation and procedure - 2 , the company and all the management and staff aware of it .
ü Includes legal requirements and management objectives .
ü An assessment whether planned arrangements are effectively implemented and whether they are suitable to meet the company's environmental policy .
2 . According to Grant Ledgerwood , Elizabeth Street , and Riki Therivel , that the auditing environment has three broad objectives , namely :
ü Adherence to rules
ü Assistance for the acquisition and sale of assets , and
ü Development of corporate greening the mission .
When operating effectively , a corporate environmental management system provide knowledge management , namely :
ü Company comply with environmental laws and regulations
ü Policies and procedures are clearly defined and announced tothroughout the organization
ü corporate risk from environmental risks stated andis under control
ü Company has the resources and appropriate staff to workenvironment , using these resources , and can control the power resources in the future .
3 . Environmental management system consists of several interrelated functions :
ü Planning
ü Organizing
ü demanding and directing
ü Communicate
ü Controlling and reviewing
Reason environmental audit done ?
ü Desire ~ board of directors or the CEO to obtain assurance thatresponsible company and adequately addressing its environmental responsibilities .
ü Management Initiative ~ lower level or medium forrepairing existing environmental management activities and pursue whatthe other companies are doing .
ü Genesis ~ of problems or environmental accidents . ~ Response to a desire to anticipate and address potential problems .
The benefits of environmental audits :
ü Improve management effectiveness
ü The feeling of pleasure or security increasedSOURCE RELATED
Yamit , Zulian ; Production and Operations Management . Ekonesia , Yogyakarta ; 1996

 www.Pradigm - consultatn.Com

 www.tripconsultant.blogspot.com

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