Full papers cholera ( Vibrio cholera )
background
Cholera is generally a disease that spread because of poor sanitation leading to contamination of water sources . How is clearly a major mechanism of disease spread of cholera in impoverished communities in South America .
Ssanitasi good facilities and Europe as the United States resulted in almost no outbreaks have occurred choera . Sporadic cases arise because the mussels were taken from coastal waters polluted by dirt , eaten raw . Cholera can also be transmitted by shellfish harvested from polluted
water that V. cholerae O1 as a part of the natural inhabitants of
coastal waters microbiota .
Cholera
toxin producing Vibrio Cholera , a model for Enteretoksin , whose
action on the mucosal epithelium is responsible for the diarrhea
characteristic of cholera . In
masnifestasi Exterm , cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal
illnesses known healthy person may become hypotensive within an hour of
the onset of symptoms and may die within 2-3 hours if no treatment is
provided is more common , the disease lasts from the first liquid stool
that is surprising in 4-12 hours , with death following in 18 hours to several days .
destination
Ø To fulfill the task of PMM ( Health, Food and Beverage ) .
Ø To be able to know Dispersal and disease symptoms of cholera
Ø To find out the mechanism of V. cholerae Against Food
problem Formulation
Ø What is the definition and causes of the disease cholera .
Ø What are the symptoms of cholera and the spread of the disease .
Ø What mechanisms V. cholerae Against Food
Definition of Cholera
Cholera
( frequently called Asiatic or Epedemi Colera cholera ) is a severe
diarrheal disease disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . Transmission of humanity is with water or food .
Cholera
toxin producing Vibrio Cholera , a model for Enteretoksin , whose
action on the mucosal epithelium is responsible for the diarrhea
characteristic of cholera . In
masnifestasi Exterm , cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal
illnesses known healthy person may become hypotensive within an hour of
the onset of symptoms and may die within 2-3 hours if no treatment is
provided is more common , the disease lasts from the first liquid stool
that is surprising in 4-12 hours , with death following in 18 hours to several days .
The clinical features of cholera begins with sudden suffering massive diarrhea . The patient may lose gallons of protein -free fluid and associated electrolytes , bicarbonates and ions within 1atau 2 days . This
is the result of the activity of enzymes that activate cholera
enteroktosin adenylate cyclase in intestinal cells , transforming them
into extrat water pump and electrolytes from the blood and tissues and
pumps into the intestinal lumen . This
leads to loss of fluids for dehydration , aunaria , watery diarrhea
with mottled and flakes lenders and epithelial cells in stool water ,
and contains a very large number . The loss of potassium ions may result in cardiac complications and circulatory failure .
Cholera treatment resulted in rapid intravenous replacement of lost fluids and ions . After this replacement , maintenance administration of isotonic solution should be continued until the diarrhea stops . If
glucose is added to maintenance sulosi may be administered orally ,
thus eliminating the need for sterility and administration . With
this simple pengobaatan , patients who died almost seems miraculously
healed and cholera mortality rate can be reduced more than ten thousand
fold. kometerapi most antibiotics and agents do not have value in the
treatment of cholera , although some tetracycline for example can
shorten the duration of diarrhea and reduce fluid kehilangi .
I. General Characteristic
There are two types of Vibrio.Cholera potential as a pathogen in manuisia . The main types that cause cholera is V. cholera O1 , while other types are known as O1 .
V. cholerae O1 is the cause of Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera . Cholera cases are very rare and Europe as North America . Mostly cholera cases occurred in areas ( sub ) tropics . Cholera is always caused by the water or contaminated fish ( shellfish ) from polluted waters .
Non- O1 V. Cholera infects only humans and other primate animals . This organism V. cholerae O1 are related to , but not as severe as the disease they cause cholera . Strain Phatogenik and Non Phatogenik of these organisms are normal inhabitants of the sea water and estuarine environment . This organism in the past referred to as non - cholera Vibrio ( NCL ) and noaglutinable vibrio ( NAG ) .
II . Symptoms of Poisoning
Asiatic cholera symptoms can vary from mild watery diarrhea , acute diarrhea is marked up with dirt berwujut like rice water . Early symptoms of the disease usually occurs suddenly , with an incubation period of between 6 hours to 5 days . Abdominal cramps , nausea , vomiting , dehidrasidan shock ( drop in blood flow rate suddenly ) . Death can occur if the fluid loss or electrolit victim in large numbers . The
disease is caused because the victim consume live bacteria , which is
then attached to the small intestine and produce cholera toxin . Cholera bacteria produce toxins inherent By this causes watery diarrhea is a symptom of this disease .
Infektife
- dose studies using healthy human volunteers showed that the disease
arises when humans consume approximately one million organisms . Consumption of antacids ( drugs that neutralize stomach acid ) can significantly decrease the dose .
Symptoms of Vibrio . cholerae non - O1 in the form of diarrhea, abdominal ram dank . Fever with vomiting and nausea occurred in 25 % of infected individuals . Approximately 25 % of infected individuals will expend blood and dirt with lenders . Diarrhea , in some cases , can be very severe , and last for 6-7 days . Diarrhea usually occurs within 48 hours after ingestion of the organism. The
mechanism of this organism in causing the disease is unknown , however,
and the mechanism of attack enteroktosin poison suspected to be the
cause of this disease . The disease occurs when organisms attach themselves keusus smooth infected individuals then attacked the victim .
III . diagnosis
Cholera disease can be ascertained only by isolating organisms cause of diarrhea droppings of infected individuals . Diagnosis of infection of non - O1 V. Cholera Do by culturing the
organism from infected droppings or diarrhea individuals from the blood
of patients suffering from septicemia ( infection in the blood stream )
IV . Related Food .
Cholera is generally a disease that spread because of poor sanitation leading to contamination of water sources . How is clearly a major mechanism of disease spread of cholera in impoverished communities in South America .
Improved sanitation facilities , and Europe as the United States resulted in almost no cholera outbreaks have occurred . Sporadic cases arise because the mussels were taken from coastal waters polluted by dirt , eaten raw . Cholera can also be transmitted by shellfish harvested from polluted
water that V. cholerae O1 as a part of the natural inhabitants of
coastal waters microbiota .
V. Prevention .
Poor hygiene , contaminated water , and way less hygienic food handling is utam cause infection . Because it's true Dangan water heating ( up to boiling ) Good sanitation can prevent V. cholerae .
VI . Vulnerable populations
All
the people who are believed to be susceptible to infection , but the
individual 's immune system is damaged or does not develop , reduced
stomach acid , or nutrrisi deficiency can cause symptoms of more severe
disease . All individuals who consume raw shellfish , prone to diarrhea disebakan by this organism . Vibrio
cholerae ( Also Kommabacilllus ) is a gram negatife comma-shaped
bacterium with a polar flagellum that causes cholera in humans . V. Cholera And other specis of the genus Vibrio belong to the gamma subdivision of the proteobacteria . DariGenus Cholera and Other Vibrio sepsis -owned division of Gamma bacteria .
V. cholerae was first isolated as a cause of cholera by Italian
experts Filipho Anatomy pachini In 1854 , but the discovery was not
widely known until Robect khoch working independently thirty years later
, published knowledge and how to combat this disease .
VII . Genomics and Evolution
Sebbuah serogroup O1 , ( in United ) biotype Eltor , 7 v pandemic strains . cholerae . Consists
of two circular chromosomes of unequal size are expected to menyadikan
total of 3885 genes of the genome sequence of a representative strain
has been on the genetic and phenotypic diversity keeragaman found in
septic vibrio cholerae . The sequence data have been used to identify horizontally acquired
sequences , dissect and dissect complex regulatory sinyaldan komputisi
develop approaches to predict developmental patterns gendan presence of
metabolic pathway components .
B. Introduction cholerae
Vibrio genus consists of a straight or curved rod fram negative , motile with polar flagella single sbuah . Most species are oxidase positife . In
most ways vibrios associated with enteric bacteria , but they share
some properties with either a pseudomonads , on the level of the family
With Enterobacteraciae . The Vibrionaceae keluaga were found in the " gram-negative rod
fakultatis anareobik " in begeys manual (1986 ) At the level of the
taxonomic family Enterobakteraciace revisionist , 2001 ( bergei 's
Manual ) , based on phylogenetic analysis .
Most
vibrio vaktor requirements are relatively modest growth and will grow
in sinetik media with glucose as the sole source of carbon and energy . However
, because marine vibrio organisms that normally , most species require
2-3 % NaCl or sea water base for optimal growth varies in flexsibilitas
fibrio their nutrition , but some of sepsis will grow to more than 150
different organic compounds as a carbon source and energy , occupy the same level of flexibility as the metabolic psedomunas . In liquid medium fibrio polar flagella of motile and membrane sheath
wrapped continuously with the outer membrane on the cell wall of many
solid media they may synthesize flagella that are not in the sheath .
Vibrio is one of the most common organism dipermukaaan waters of the world . They occur in both habitats seawater and freshwater with associations with aquatic animals . Some species are luminous and live in mutualistic associations with fish and other marine life . Pathogen to other species of fish , eels and frogs , as well as
vertebrates and invertebrates Complete lainya.Makalah cholera ( Vibrio
cholera )
V. parahaemolyties is parahaemolyties human pathogen . Producing
both diarrhea but in a way that is completely different vibrio
organisms invasife affecting mainly the large intestine , Vibrio Cholera
is a non invasife affect small usu Enterokfosin secretion through a
imbrio V. vulnificus is the emergence of human pathogens . This organism causes wound infections , gastronenitis , or a syndrome known as " Primary septikimia "
