Factor - Factor Affecting Knowledge

Factor - Factor Affecting Knowledge
Nanda (2005 ) , explains that the factors associated with lack of knowledge ( deficient knowledge) consists of : a. Exposure to information , b . Memory / rote , c . Interpretation of information ( information misrepresented ) , d . Cognitive , e . Interest in learning , f . Familiarity will be a source of information .
Meanwhile, according Notoadmodjo (2007 ) , knowledge is influenced by several factors , including: a . Education , education " is a process of changing attitudes and code of conduct a person or group of mature business man and also through teaching and training efforts , then obviously we can kerucutkan a vision of education that is to educate people, so a person's level of knowledge of an object is determined olehtingkat education , b . Media , the media specifically designed to reach a very wide public . So an example of the mass media is television , radio , newspapers , and magazines , c . Exposure information was "that of which one is apprised or told : intelligence , news" . But there is also information that emphasizes the transfer of knowledge . In addition the term information also has other meanings as defined by the bill of information technology which interpret it as a technique for collecting , preparing , storing , manipulating , publish, analyze , and disseminate information for specific purposes . Whereas own information includes data , text , images , sounds , codes, computer programs , databases . The big difference in the definition of information because the information per se can not be described (intangible ) , whereas the information encountered in everyday life , which is derived from data and observations of the world around us and passed on through communication .
Here are some internal factors that can also affect the knowledge that :
1 . educationEducation means a person given guidance on the development of other people heading towards certain ideals which determine people to do and fill to reach the safety of life and happiness . Education is necessary to obtain information , for example the things that support health so as to improve the quality of life . According to the cited mantra Notoadmojo YB ( 2003) , education may affect a person, including a person's behavior will also lifestyle especially in motivating to participate in the development of attitudes . ( Nursalam , 2003) in general, the higher a person's educational environment more receptive to the information .
2 . jobAccording to Thomas cited by Nursalam ( 2003) , the work is to be done primarily vices to support life and family life . Work is not a source of pleasure , but more of a way of making a living that boring , repetitive and many challenges . While the work is generally a time-consuming activity . Working for mothers will have an influence terhadapkehidupankeluarga .
3 . ageAccording to Elisabeth cited Nursalam BH ( 2003) , age is the age of the individual starting at birth until her birthday . Meanwhile, according Huclok (1998 ) is getting quite the age , level of maturity and strength of a person will be more mature in thinking and working . In terms of public confidence in someone who is more mature than those who have not believed the high maturity . This will be a life experience and maturity

Understanding of knowledge and level of knowledge

Understanding of knowledge and level of knowledge
Knowledge is everything that is known , intelligence ( Big Indonesian Dictionary , 2003) . And according Notoatmodjo (2007 ) , knowledge is the result of know and do occur after the sensing of the specified object . Sensing occurs through human senses are the senses of sight , hearing, smell , taste and touch . Most human knowledge acquired through the eyes and ears .
From the definition above , the writer can conclude that , knowledge is everything that is known by the people who do the sensing of the specified object .
level of Knowledge
According Notoadmodjo in Putriazka ( 2003) , knowledge in the cognitive domain has six levels as follows :
a. Know ( Know )
Know interpreted as remembering a previously learned material .
b . Understanding ( Comprehensio )
Understanding is defined as an ability to explain properly about the object known .
c . Application ( Application )
Application is defined as the ability to use materials that have been studied .
d . Analysis ( Analysis)
Analysis is the ability to describe a material or object into the components .
e . Synthesis ( Synthesis )
Synthesis showed an ability to lay or connect the parts in a whole new form .

   f . Evaluation ( Evaluation )
Evaluation is kemampuaan to justify or assessment of a material or object

The construction terms Eye Protection Air ( PMA )

Construction Means of protection of water sources that meet the health requirements , the facility must be protected from the dangers of pollution , in particular by keeping the environment clean and the location of the building means the protection of water sources . In relation to this, according to the MOH ( in Rohim , 2006) described in the provision of water . Springs banners / lake plain surface layers of soil and rock layers to be made clean aquifer meet health requirements , so the factor of pollution will be reduced , and the quality of the water obtained will be better , because it means good protection of water sources must be eligible location and construction requirements . Terms and construction site protection intended by the Fountain Waluyo ( in Rohim , 2006) are as follows :
1 ) Terms locations
a) To avoid contamination that must be considered is the distance the spring with other sources of contamination or pollution .
b ) The water source should be in the spring and is expected mencukup needs .
c ) Source of water contained in the soil water sheltered location and is not prone to landslides caused by natural processes .
2 ) Construction Terms
The construction terms Eye Protection Air ( PMA ) , among others :
a) The state of Eye Protection Air ( PMA ) to be closed , in order to avoid the entry of animals , dirt , and rain water that goes directly into the tank .
b ) Protection of springs must be clean , in the sense should pay attention to the cleanliness of the physical state of the building which includes walls and floors to avoid dirt and moss that may change the physical qualities of water , and must be cleaned periodically .
c ) Has a combination control on the protection of water sources , namely to control the state of the water contained in the protection of water sources .
d ) Have a protective fence around the building springs , so that animals do not go wandering into the protection of water sources .
e ) away from the source of pollution to the water source , yaitunjauh of latrines and its distance bins > 15 M from the protection of water sources .
f ) There should be drainage channels on the protection of water sources , in order to avoid stagnant water becomes a breeding ground for germs
g ) The absence of toilet / latrine at the top of the spring protection , in order to avoid any seepage of water during the rainy season so that can contaminate the water in springs protection .

Type - Type of Clean Water

Type - Type of Clean Water
According to Director General of PPM and PLP (1990 ) type - the type of water supply systems commonly used are the following people :
a. Dug wells
Dug wells are taking water supply / use ground water by digging a hole in the ground by hand to get water . Holes were then given wall , flooring and lips closed and sewage .
b . piping
Means piping is building along with tools and equipment that produce , provide and distribute drinking water to people through a network of piping / distribution . The water used is groundwater or surface water with or without being processed .
c . The well Hand Pump ( SPT )
The well hand pump is taking water supply or use ground water by making a hole in the ground by using a drill . Based on the depth of the ground water and the type of pump used to raise water , artesian well differentiated form above :
1 ) Shallow Well Hand Pump ( SPTDK )
Shallow hand- pump wells are wells drilled making shallow water using pumps . This type of pump is able to raise the water to a maximum depth of 7 meters .
2 ) Hand Well Pump In ( SPTDL )
Hand pump wells are wells drilled in water retrieval using the pump . This type of pump is able to raise water from a depth of 15 meters to a maximum depth of 30 meters
d . Rainwater reservoir ( PAH )
Rainwater harvesting is a means of utilizing clean water for domestic water supply . Rainwater that falls on the roof of a house or other building water catchments , through channels or grass and then flowed ditamping in rainwater
e . Eye Protection Air ( PMA )
DG PPM and PLP (1995 ) , explains that the protection springs ( PMA ) is a building to store water and protect water sources from contamination . The shape and volume of FDI adapted to the layout , the situation is a source , close to the water and the water capacity is needed .
1 ) The layout is the distance to the source of pollutants such as toilets , dirty water , cages and landfills
2 ) The situation of water resources means that the source of the PMA should have protective coverings made ​​tubs channel outwardly from the tub , so as not to pollute the water coming into the tub catcher , has peluap pipe , cover tightly tub of water , has a bathtub floor that must be watertight and easy to clean and water tight SPAL and minimum slope of 2 % .
3 ) Near the water that is the source of water environment should be on springs , not the channel water from the springs that may have been contaminated .
4 ) The water capacity is needed , ie the spring discharge have utilized at least 0.3 liters / sec ( Anonymous , 2011) .

Understanding water and Escherichia Coli Bacteria Definition

Understanding water and Escherichia Coli Bacteria Definition
Water is the most important in life after air . About three -quarters of our body consists of water and no human can survive more than 4-5 days without drinking water . In addition , water is also used for cooking washing , bathing , and cleaning the dirt around the house . Water is also used for industrial purposes , agriculture , firefighting , recreation , transportation and others. Diseases that infect humans can also be transmitted and propagated through the water . These conditions can lead to outbreaks of disease course everywhere ( Chandra , 2007) . Water is one among carriers of disease from the feces for up to humans . So that the water that enters the human body in the form of food and drinks do not cause disease , it is a good water treatment comes from the source , transmission or distribution network is absolutely necessary to prevent contact between the dung as a source of disease with water as needed ( Rohim , 2006) .
Understanding Bacteria Escherichia Coli

 The bacterium E. coli is a parameter in the presence or absence of faecal matter in a very habitat required for the determination of water quality is safe . Especially for the bacteria E. coli , in the presence of water or food that is associated with human interests that are not expected . Due to the presence of microbial groups indicates that the food or water has been contaminated by fecal material , ie the material being with human feces or stool . Coliform is a group of bacteria that are gram-negative bacteria , not spore forming lactose fermenting at a temperature of 35o C or 37 ° C to produce acid , gas and aldehide within 24-48 hours . Once the fecal coliform group of bacteria has the same ability , except that it is more tolerant of higher temperatures , which is 44oC . The number of bacteria used as an indicator of water coliform/100cc or microbiological represent all groups , when in 100 ml of water sample contained 500 bacteria Escherichia coli gastroenteritis possibility of disease . Other bacteria in the coliform group is aerobacter and clebsiella that have properties such as E. coli but generally live in soil and water , not in the so -called nonfecal digestion and pathogens . The bacterium E. coli is this group that is more economical to use for laboratory examination ( Sutrisno , 2006) .

Feces Disposal impact on the environment Biotic and Abiotic

Feces Disposal impact on the environment Biotic and Abiotic
Feces is a waste material that dikelurkan by the human body through the anus as the rest of the process of digestion of food along the digestive tract system ( tractusdigestifus ) . Feces can also invite the arrival of flies and other animals , fly sitting on top of feces containing germs , germs can pass the food through its host , and then humans eat these foods that cause pain
Disposal of human feces that does not meet the health requirements often associated with a lack of clean water and other health care facilities , such things can be a source of various diseases transmitted by feces and more than 50 types of infection by viruses , bacteria , protozoa , and worms or microorganisms can be transmitted and sustained by community .
Feces and liquid waste is waste material arising from human life as being individual and social beings . Feces also a waste material that is highly avoided by humans because it can lead to a very pungent odor and very interesting insects , especially flies , and various other animals such as dogs , chickens , and mice . If the stool and liquid waste dumps are not properly handled , it can result in contamination of the soil surface and groundwater , which could potentially be the cause of the transmission of a wide variety of digestive tract diseases .
Feces ( excreta ) can interfere with human aesthetics or beauty , comfort feces of humans if not handled properly . Therefore, the presence of latrines are needed in order to be used by the public .
2 . Environmental pengetian biotic and abiotic
Environment consists of two components, namely the components of biotic and abiotic environmental surroundings , if biotic components are in the proportional composition between trophic levels by abiotic biotic components support life , the environment was in a state of balance or stable .
a. Biotic components , which consist of living beings such as animals, plants and humans . Biotic environment is a term usually used to refer to something that is alive ( organisms ) . The components that exist in the environment is an integral and inseparable and form a system called ekosistem.Komponen biotic life is an ecosystem components that make up a component in addition to abiotic ( lifeless ) .
b . Abiotic components , which consist of inanimate objects such as water , soil , air , light , sun and so on . Environmental abiotic components are non-living physical and chemical components of a medium or subtract the venue for life or the environment in which to live . Most bervriasi abiotic components in space and time .
3 . Feces Disposal Environmental Impact Against Biotic and Abiotic
Human Feces disposal that are not handled properly can have an impact on humans and the environment .
a. Impact of excreta disposal to biotic environment
1 ) . The impact of sludge water for life vector .
Water in the waste sludge that kelingkungan ( land and water bodies ) cause a lot of trouble vector , sewer , which is near the house is very suitable for nesting the breeding of flies , mosquitoes and rats also like these places to look for food . Limabah stagnant water in ditches , and other water bodies and also a breeding nest nyamuk.Air some kind of waste associated with the life of water -related vector called a vector .
2 ) . The impact of sludge on biota and plant life .
The content of contaminants in sludge will lead to decreased levels of dissolved oxygen in the water . So will result in a life that requires oxygen disrupted water and reduce its development . Additionally death can also be caused by toxic substances in the stool that also cause damage to crops and aquatic plants . resulting in death of the bacteria , the water purification process that should occur naturally in the wastewater is also inhibited .
3 ) . Impact on human feces
Based on the results of existing research , a normal stool is estimated to produce an average of 970 grams a day and produce 970 grams of urine . So if the current adult population of Indonesia is 200 million, then every day spent feces around 194.000juta grams ( 194,000 tons ) . So if the stool is not good management , clear will easily spread disease ,
Disease - Disease sourced from human feces in keloompokkan into four golangan ie
§ Virus :Rotavirus ( diarrhea in children )Hepatitis A virus ( Hepatitis A )Virus Poliomyelitis ( Polio )
§ Bacteria :Vibrio cholerae ( cholera )Escherichia coli ( diarrhea / Dysenterie )Salmonella typhi ( typhoid abdominalis )Shigella dysenteriae ( Dysenterie )
§ Protozoa :- Balatidium coli ( diarrhea , disentry )- Entamoeba histolyka ( disentry amoeba , liver abscess )- Giardia Lambria ( amoeba diarrhea and malabsorption )
§ Worms :- Ancylostoma ( Ancylostomasis Disease )- Ascaris Lumbricoides ( Ascariasis )- Shistosoma japanicum ( Schistosomiamis )- Taenia saginata ( Taeniasis )- Taenia solium ( Taeniasis )- Tricuris tri chiura ( trichuriasis )
§ The disease vectors : mosquitoes , flies , cockroaches .
b . The impact of abiotic environmental excreta disposal
1 ) . Impact on Water and Soil
There are several diseases that fall into the category of water - borne diseases , or diseases carried by water , there are still many areas . These diseases can be spread when a microbial cause can be entered into the public water source used to meet daily needs . While the types of microbes that can spread through the water , among others , bacteria , protozoans and metazoans . Water contamination by fecal commonly measured by faecal coliforms have occurred on a broad scale , it has been demonstrated by an example of survey wells ( shallow wells in Jakarta ) , Many studies indicate the occurrence of contamination .
2 ) . Impact on environmental aesthetics
With the increasing number of organic substances discharged into the aquatic environment , it will be increasingly polluted waters are usually characterized by a pungent odor that can reduce the pile beside the aesthetic environment . The problem of waste oils or fats may also reduce the aesthetic . Besides the smell , the waste also causes the surrounding places became slippery . While waste detergent or soap suds will cause the buildup of very many . This also reduces the aesthetic .
4 . Prevention of Fecal Contamination
To prevent or at least reduce fecal contamination to the environment , the disposal of human waste must be managed properly , that should be done in a certain place or a healthy latrine . A healthy family toilet if it meets the requirements referred to , among others : According to Ehlers and Steel ( in Entjang , 2000 )
- There should be littering the ground .
- May not contaminate surface water .
- May not contaminate ground water .
- Dirt should not be open so that it can be used where the flies lay eggs or other disease vector breeding .
- The outhouse must be shielded from the sight of others.
- The making easy and inexpensive .
- And be accepted by pemakainnya .
Things to consider in handling feces or feces that is :
a) Placement jambanharus lower or higher sam with the location of drinking water .
b ) a minimum distance of 15m for latrine located higher than drinking water sources .
c ) In sandy soils the distance between the toilet with drinking water is 7.5 m .
d ) In a homogeneous soil kemungkianan 0 groundwater contamination , when the toilet is the basis of more than 1.5 m above the ground or water surface when the pond disposal is more than 3m above the ground water level .
e ) a thorough investigation should be done before making cebluk latrines , latrines drill , ponds and wells catchment area containing a layer of rock or limestone , because contamination can occur directly through land lines without natural filtration to distant wells or sources of water supply other drink .
Benefits Processing of Human Feces :
Ø Cutting the transmission lines at the source .
Ø Protect from aesthetic nuisance , odor and safe use advice
Ø Do not place the development of insects as vectors penyaki .
Ø Protect pollution in water supply and environmental

The role of food in Disease Transmission

The role of food in Disease Transmission
In conjunction with a disease / poisoning , food can act as Agent ( the cause ) , vehicle ( carrier ) and a medium ( intermediate )
1 . As agent ( the cause of ) food is the cause of the disease to avoid them :

    Choosing fresh foods or skin is still intact
    Avoid to not eat it
2 . As a vehicle ( carrier ) that food is merely a carrier of the disease , while the food itself does not contain toxins . The things that can be the cause if the terms of the sanitation of food can be divided into several kinds , namely ;

    class of parasites
    microorganisms
    chemical
    physical
    Class of toxins .
3 . As a medium ( intermediate )
That food is a mediator of disease occurrence . Based on the stability , foods are divided into three categories , namely :

    It is difficult to decompose
    can membususk
    easy rot
This relates to the difficulty and constituents of bacteria that are in these foods . High protein content foods are usually unstable and easily decompose because it is the best media in the development of disease germs .
Of elements of " food " there are 4 things that should be in the Notice , ie :
1 . How Storage
2 . How Laundering
3 . Processing Method
Kind of - kind Disease Through Food
Diseases are transmitted through food or food poisoning can be classified in several types of causes , among others :
1 . Infectious Diseases
2 . Food Poisoning
3 . parasite infection
4 . How dispensing and Menghindangkan
• Infectious Disease : It is a disease for which the cause is bacterial pathogens that enter the human body through food . Because this food as a vehicle , then the occurrence of the disease is usually caused by :
1 . Cooking is less than perfect
2 . Food which consists of eggs preserved
3 . Other materials that are not pasteurized
• Food Poisoning pain is caused by contaminated food or bacteria that manghsilakan toxin or absence of food additives that brsifat poison . The things that promote the occurrence of food poisoning include:
1.Adanya affixing chemicals that exceed the dose
2.Karena intentionally contaminated / not by chemical
3.Adanya bacteria that secrete toxins in food

Main Activities Food Health according to WHO

Main Activities Food Health according to WHO
WHO formulate three pillars of responsibility in food safety , namely :
1 . The government is in charge of

    set standards and requirements , including the requirements of sanitary hygiene national secarra
    Conduct an assessment will be compliance to the standards and requirements established
    Rewarding those who have obeyed the rules and punish those who violate the provisions of
    Provides information and provide counseling and consultation or repair
    Providing good health care facilities of medical , non-medical and support
2 . Responsible Entrepreneurs and Food Production , obliged :

    set standards and work procedures , how good and safe production
    Overseeing the work process that ensures the safety of food products
    Applying appropriate processing technology and efficient
    Improve the skills of employees and their families in a way that hygienic food processing
    Encourage every employee to advance and develop
    Forming associations or employers' professional organization of food
3 . Consumer society and in particular , the obligation to :

    Process and provide safe food at home stairs
    Selecting and using the facilities for food processing has been qualified health
    Selecting and using food that is free from material harmful to health such as textile dyes , borax , formalin , foods that have been damaged or expired
    Mengkonsumssi counsel family members for safe food
    Reported a case of knowing when food safety , such as the food was not good , food poisoning or other health problems due to food
    Shaping consumer organizations to assist the government in assessing food supply

Full papers cholera ( Vibrio cholera )

Full papers cholera ( Vibrio cholera )
background
Cholera is generally a disease that spread because of poor sanitation leading to contamination of water sources . How is clearly a major mechanism of disease spread of cholera in impoverished communities in South America .
Ssanitasi good facilities and Europe as the United States resulted in almost no outbreaks have occurred choera . Sporadic cases arise because the mussels were taken from coastal waters polluted by dirt , eaten raw . Cholera can also be transmitted by shellfish harvested from polluted water that V. cholerae O1 as a part of the natural inhabitants of coastal waters microbiota .
Cholera toxin producing Vibrio Cholera , a model for Enteretoksin , whose action on the mucosal epithelium is responsible for the diarrhea characteristic of cholera . In masnifestasi Exterm , cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known healthy person may become hypotensive within an hour of the onset of symptoms and may die within 2-3 hours if no treatment is provided is more common , the disease lasts from the first liquid stool that is surprising in 4-12 hours , with death following in 18 hours to several days .
destination
Ø To fulfill the task of PMM ( Health, Food and Beverage ) .
Ø To be able to know Dispersal and disease symptoms of cholera
Ø To find out the mechanism of V. cholerae Against Food
problem Formulation
Ø What is the definition and causes of the disease cholera .
Ø What are the symptoms of cholera and the spread of the disease .
Ø What mechanisms V. cholerae Against Food
Definition of Cholera
Cholera ( frequently called Asiatic or Epedemi Colera cholera ) is a severe diarrheal disease disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . Transmission of humanity is with water or food .
Cholera toxin producing Vibrio Cholera , a model for Enteretoksin , whose action on the mucosal epithelium is responsible for the diarrhea characteristic of cholera . In masnifestasi Exterm , cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known healthy person may become hypotensive within an hour of the onset of symptoms and may die within 2-3 hours if no treatment is provided is more common , the disease lasts from the first liquid stool that is surprising in 4-12 hours , with death following in 18 hours to several days .
The clinical features of cholera begins with sudden suffering massive diarrhea . The patient may lose gallons of protein -free fluid and associated electrolytes , bicarbonates and ions within 1atau 2 days . This is the result of the activity of enzymes that activate cholera enteroktosin adenylate cyclase in intestinal cells , transforming them into extrat water pump and electrolytes from the blood and tissues and pumps into the intestinal lumen . This leads to loss of fluids for dehydration , aunaria , watery diarrhea with mottled and flakes lenders and epithelial cells in stool water , and contains a very large number . The loss of potassium ions may result in cardiac complications and circulatory failure .
Cholera treatment resulted in rapid intravenous replacement of lost fluids and ions . After this replacement , maintenance administration of isotonic solution should be continued until the diarrhea stops . If glucose is added to maintenance sulosi may be administered orally , thus eliminating the need for sterility and administration . With this simple pengobaatan , patients who died almost seems miraculously healed and cholera mortality rate can be reduced more than ten thousand fold. kometerapi most antibiotics and agents do not have value in the treatment of cholera , although some tetracycline for example can shorten the duration of diarrhea and reduce fluid kehilangi .
I. General Characteristic
There are two types of Vibrio.Cholera potential as a pathogen in manuisia . The main types that cause cholera is V. cholera O1 , while other types are known as O1 .
V. cholerae O1 is the cause of Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera . Cholera cases are very rare and Europe as North America . Mostly cholera cases occurred in areas ( sub ) tropics . Cholera is always caused by the water or contaminated fish ( shellfish ) from polluted waters .
Non- O1 V. Cholera infects only humans and other primate animals . This organism V. cholerae O1 are related to , but not as severe as the disease they cause cholera . Strain Phatogenik and Non Phatogenik of these organisms are normal inhabitants of the sea water and estuarine environment . This organism in the past referred to as non - cholera Vibrio ( NCL ) and noaglutinable vibrio ( NAG ) .
II . Symptoms of Poisoning
Asiatic cholera symptoms can vary from mild watery diarrhea , acute diarrhea is marked up with dirt berwujut like rice water . Early symptoms of the disease usually occurs suddenly , with an incubation period of between 6 hours to 5 days . Abdominal cramps , nausea , vomiting , dehidrasidan shock ( drop in blood flow rate suddenly ) . Death can occur if the fluid loss or electrolit victim in large numbers . The disease is caused because the victim consume live bacteria , which is then attached to the small intestine and produce cholera toxin . Cholera bacteria produce toxins inherent By this causes watery diarrhea is a symptom of this disease .
Infektife - dose studies using healthy human volunteers showed that the disease arises when humans consume approximately one million organisms . Consumption of antacids ( drugs that neutralize stomach acid ) can significantly decrease the dose .
Symptoms of Vibrio . cholerae non - O1 in the form of diarrhea, abdominal ram dank . Fever with vomiting and nausea occurred in 25 % of infected individuals . Approximately 25 % of infected individuals will expend blood and dirt with lenders . Diarrhea , in some cases , can be very severe , and last for 6-7 days . Diarrhea usually occurs within 48 hours after ingestion of the organism. The mechanism of this organism in causing the disease is unknown , however, and the mechanism of attack enteroktosin poison suspected to be the cause of this disease . The disease occurs when organisms attach themselves keusus smooth infected individuals then attacked the victim .
III . diagnosis
Cholera disease can be ascertained only by isolating organisms cause of diarrhea droppings of infected individuals . Diagnosis of infection of non - O1 V. Cholera Do by culturing the organism from infected droppings or diarrhea individuals from the blood of patients suffering from septicemia ( infection in the blood stream )
IV . Related Food .
Cholera is generally a disease that spread because of poor sanitation leading to contamination of water sources . How is clearly a major mechanism of disease spread of cholera in impoverished communities in South America .
Improved sanitation facilities , and Europe as the United States resulted in almost no cholera outbreaks have occurred . Sporadic cases arise because the mussels were taken from coastal waters polluted by dirt , eaten raw . Cholera can also be transmitted by shellfish harvested from polluted water that V. cholerae O1 as a part of the natural inhabitants of coastal waters microbiota .
V. Prevention .
Poor hygiene , contaminated water , and way less hygienic food handling is utam cause infection . Because it's true Dangan water heating ( up to boiling ) Good sanitation can prevent V. cholerae .
VI . Vulnerable populations
All the people who are believed to be susceptible to infection , but the individual 's immune system is damaged or does not develop , reduced stomach acid , or nutrrisi deficiency can cause symptoms of more severe disease . All individuals who consume raw shellfish , prone to diarrhea disebakan by this organism . Vibrio cholerae ( Also Kommabacilllus ) is a gram negatife comma-shaped bacterium with a polar flagellum that causes cholera in humans . V. Cholera And other specis of the genus Vibrio belong to the gamma subdivision of the proteobacteria . DariGenus Cholera and Other Vibrio sepsis -owned division of Gamma bacteria .
V. cholerae was first isolated as a cause of cholera by Italian experts Filipho Anatomy pachini In 1854 , but the discovery was not widely known until Robect khoch working independently thirty years later , published knowledge and how to combat this disease .
VII . Genomics and Evolution
Sebbuah serogroup O1 , ( in United ) biotype Eltor , 7 v pandemic strains . cholerae . Consists of two circular chromosomes of unequal size are expected to menyadikan total of 3885 genes of the genome sequence of a representative strain has been on the genetic and phenotypic diversity keeragaman found in septic vibrio cholerae . The sequence data have been used to identify horizontally acquired sequences , dissect and dissect complex regulatory sinyaldan komputisi develop approaches to predict developmental patterns gendan presence of metabolic pathway components .
B. Introduction cholerae
Vibrio genus consists of a straight or curved rod fram negative , motile with polar flagella single sbuah . Most species are oxidase positife . In most ways vibrios associated with enteric bacteria , but they share some properties with either a pseudomonads , on the level of the family With Enterobacteraciae . The Vibrionaceae keluaga were found in the " gram-negative rod fakultatis anareobik " in begeys manual (1986 ) At the level of the taxonomic family Enterobakteraciace revisionist , 2001 ( bergei 's Manual ) , based on phylogenetic analysis .
Most vibrio vaktor requirements are relatively modest growth and will grow in sinetik media with glucose as the sole source of carbon and energy . However , because marine vibrio organisms that normally , most species require 2-3 % NaCl or sea water base for optimal growth varies in flexsibilitas fibrio their nutrition , but some of sepsis will grow to more than 150 different organic compounds as a carbon source and energy , occupy the same level of flexibility as the metabolic psedomunas . In liquid medium fibrio polar flagella of motile and membrane sheath wrapped continuously with the outer membrane on the cell wall of many solid media they may synthesize flagella that are not in the sheath .
Vibrio is one of the most common organism dipermukaaan waters of the world . They occur in both habitats seawater and freshwater with associations with aquatic animals . Some species are luminous and live in mutualistic associations with fish and other marine life . Pathogen to other species of fish , eels and frogs , as well as vertebrates and invertebrates Complete lainya.Makalah cholera ( Vibrio cholera )
V. parahaemolyties is parahaemolyties human pathogen . Producing both diarrhea but in a way that is completely different vibrio organisms invasife affecting mainly the large intestine , Vibrio Cholera is a non invasife affect small usu Enterokfosin secretion through a imbrio V. vulnificus is the emergence of human pathogens . This organism causes wound infections , gastronenitis , or a syndrome known as " Primary septikimia "

Sanitation Sanitation Food Beverage Hospitality

Sanitation Sanitation Food Beverage Hospitality
Sanitation Catering : Definition ( Permenkes No.715/Menkes/SK/V/2003 ) : A / companies or individuals who perform activities that are served outside the food processing business premises on the basis of the order .
• Operational Requirements Caterer
1.P ' syaratan building location & catering services
2.p ' syaratan on food processing
3.P ' syaratan on eating and food storage materials so
4.P ' syaratan on how the transport of food
• Classification of Catering
Boga 1.Jasa goals . A
a. JB goal . A1 is serving the needs of the general public who use the treatment with RT kitchen and managed by families Terms JB goal . A1
- JB Meets general p'sy
- Fulfilling p ' special sy
2 . JB Goal A2 is a food service that serves the needs of the general masy processing that uses the kitchen RT and employs naker Requirements :
- In accordance Sy catering services goals . A1
- Meet P'sy special .
3 . Catering Goal A3 A / Jasaboga that serve the needs of the general masy with p'olahan who use a special kitchen and employs naker . P ' Syaratan :
- JB in accordance sy gol.A2
- Meet special p'sy
4 . Catering goals . B
A / JB that serve special needs for dormitories , pilgrim shelters , boarding transit , offshore drilling , as well as the company's general ngkutn within the country , with treatment that uses special kitchen and employs naker . S'syratan :
- JB p'sy meet goals A3
- Meet special p'sy .
5 . Goal C Catering
A / JB tools that serve the needs of international and public angkutn aircraft with p'olahan that mengguanakan special kitchen and there naker P'Syaratan
- JB P'sy meet goals . B
- Meet special P'sy ( ven , fas.p ' washing appliance & mak bhn & rg p'olhan hrs mmnuhi healthy p'sy
• Permit eds . Food JB :
1.JB goals . B & C , which permits a b'wenang m'beri / Ka . PHO Tk . I
2.JB goals . A2 and A3 , which permits a b'wnang m'beri / Ka . Tk health office . II
3.JB. Goal A , B & C , which b'loksi in the port area that permits a b'wenang m'beri / Ka.KKP
Examination Exp . mak & JB specimens performed o / Hall Labkes in each prov . & other Lab accordance with Kepmenkes No.635/MENKES/SK/VII/1998 that , you know about the appointment of Lab & Ex inspection procedures . mak & JB specimens

The sampling procedure bacteriological water

The sampling procedure bacteriological water

  1. Clean the faucet. Clean the faucet of any objects attached and may interfere with using a clean cloth, wipe any dust from the faucet end. 2. Opening the faucet. Turn the faucet so that the water flows to the fullest and let the water drain for 1-2 minutes.
3. Sterilize faucet  Sterilize the faucet for one minute with the fire of cotton that has been dipped in alcohol, another alternative to using other burners with gas.
 4. Opening the bottle - the bottle
a. Standard technique Strap in brown protective paper is then lifted or removed in turn.  
 b. Techniques cover the appliance. Protective strap in brown protective paper released later in the lift while other friends opened a small package contents sterile caps.
5. Filling bottles - bott While holding the cover and a protective face facing down (to prevent the entry of dust that may contain microorganisms). Bottle immediately in place under the fountain and filled the air in a bottle feel but are so biased shaken at retrieval time before analysis. 
 6. Or Blocked Bottle Cover
a. Engineering Standards  Bottle stoppers or closed by rotating and then covered with brown paper demanteli tempelnya and tied.
b. Closing Techniques Premises Equipment  The bottle stopper or lid by turning then melindngi degan dimanteli brown paper and tied in place. (Ministry of Health, Directorate General of PPM and PLP 1995)
7. Examination Method:
1. Preparation of specimens: a. For solid or liquid specimens but concentrated, diluted with distilled water or water used sterile saline or Ringer Solotion Quarter Strength. 10 grams or 10 cc of sterile distilled water specimens or other added to 100 cc. b. While the liquid specimen can be examined directly. 2. Variety LB Used: Variety 1: 5 x 10 ml, 1 x 1 ml, 1 x 0.1 ml. For specimens that are processed or expected low numbers of bacteria.

     a. Liquid or dissolved specimens planted in:
- 5 Triple strength lactose broth tubes each - each 10 ml.
- 1 tube lactoce single strength broth, 1 ml.
- 1 single strength lactose broth tubes, 0.1 ml.

     Put 37 º C incubator for 48 hours.
b. Each - each tube lactose broth (LB) that show positive gases, planted into brilliant green lactose bile broth (BGLB).
c. Read and recorded BGLB that show positive gases, respectively - each planted Mac Conkey order / Endo order / eosin Methyleen Blue order / Tergitol 7 that plate, input 37 º C incubator for 24 hours.

    To get the MPN index of coliform, MPN tubes used by positive BGLB tubes of gas.
d. E. coli is a suspect colony grown on SIM / MIO / MIU (to determine indole production) and Simmon's citrate (to determine the ability of the bacteria to the citrate as a carbon source) and TSI agar.

       Put 37 º C incubator for 24 hours.
e. Read and recorded growth in media PSI, driver's license, and the SC to determine whether or not E. coli. Then look at the table to determine the index MPN MPN E.coli. 
 8. Sample Reading Results
Variety 1:
5 x 10 ml tubes, BGLB (+) gas: 3)
Tube 1 x 1 ml, BGLB (+) gas: 1) MPN Index: 12
1 x 0.1 ml tubes, BGLB (+) gas: 0)

                 9. Note:
a. If the readings BGLB, all tubes that show the results (+) gas, planting can be forwarded by diluting the specimen 10 x or 100 x lower than the range of LB that has been done. MPN results obtained are multiplied by 10 x or 100 x.
b. MPN index calculation can also be done with Formula Thomas:

       (A + B + C) x (√ (S x N) - 1 x 100 = ........

       A = number of tubes (+) gas planting the first group.

       B = number of tubes (+) gas planting the second group.

       C = number of tubes (+) gas planting the third group.

       S = number of samples grown ml.

       N = number of samples negative ml.