The construction terms Eye Protection Air ( PMA )

Construction Means of protection of water sources that meet the health requirements , the facility must be protected from the dangers of pollution , in particular by keeping the environment clean and the location of the building means the protection of water sources . In relation to this, according to the MOH ( in Rohim , 2006) described in the provision of water . Springs banners / lake plain surface layers of soil and rock layers to be made clean aquifer meet health requirements , so the factor of pollution will be reduced , and the quality of the water obtained will be better , because it means good protection of water sources must be eligible location and construction requirements . Terms and construction site protection intended by the Fountain Waluyo ( in Rohim , 2006) are as follows :
1 ) Terms locations
a) To avoid contamination that must be considered is the distance the spring with other sources of contamination or pollution .
b ) The water source should be in the spring and is expected mencukup needs .
c ) Source of water contained in the soil water sheltered location and is not prone to landslides caused by natural processes .
2 ) Construction Terms
The construction terms Eye Protection Air ( PMA ) , among others :
a) The state of Eye Protection Air ( PMA ) to be closed , in order to avoid the entry of animals , dirt , and rain water that goes directly into the tank .
b ) Protection of springs must be clean , in the sense should pay attention to the cleanliness of the physical state of the building which includes walls and floors to avoid dirt and moss that may change the physical qualities of water , and must be cleaned periodically .
c ) Has a combination control on the protection of water sources , namely to control the state of the water contained in the protection of water sources .
d ) Have a protective fence around the building springs , so that animals do not go wandering into the protection of water sources .
e ) away from the source of pollution to the water source , yaitunjauh of latrines and its distance bins > 15 M from the protection of water sources .
f ) There should be drainage channels on the protection of water sources , in order to avoid stagnant water becomes a breeding ground for germs
g ) The absence of toilet / latrine at the top of the spring protection , in order to avoid any seepage of water during the rainy season so that can contaminate the water in springs protection .

Type - Type of Clean Water

Type - Type of Clean Water
According to Director General of PPM and PLP (1990 ) type - the type of water supply systems commonly used are the following people :
a. Dug wells
Dug wells are taking water supply / use ground water by digging a hole in the ground by hand to get water . Holes were then given wall , flooring and lips closed and sewage .
b . piping
Means piping is building along with tools and equipment that produce , provide and distribute drinking water to people through a network of piping / distribution . The water used is groundwater or surface water with or without being processed .
c . The well Hand Pump ( SPT )
The well hand pump is taking water supply or use ground water by making a hole in the ground by using a drill . Based on the depth of the ground water and the type of pump used to raise water , artesian well differentiated form above :
1 ) Shallow Well Hand Pump ( SPTDK )
Shallow hand- pump wells are wells drilled making shallow water using pumps . This type of pump is able to raise the water to a maximum depth of 7 meters .
2 ) Hand Well Pump In ( SPTDL )
Hand pump wells are wells drilled in water retrieval using the pump . This type of pump is able to raise water from a depth of 15 meters to a maximum depth of 30 meters
d . Rainwater reservoir ( PAH )
Rainwater harvesting is a means of utilizing clean water for domestic water supply . Rainwater that falls on the roof of a house or other building water catchments , through channels or grass and then flowed ditamping in rainwater
e . Eye Protection Air ( PMA )
DG PPM and PLP (1995 ) , explains that the protection springs ( PMA ) is a building to store water and protect water sources from contamination . The shape and volume of FDI adapted to the layout , the situation is a source , close to the water and the water capacity is needed .
1 ) The layout is the distance to the source of pollutants such as toilets , dirty water , cages and landfills
2 ) The situation of water resources means that the source of the PMA should have protective coverings made ​​tubs channel outwardly from the tub , so as not to pollute the water coming into the tub catcher , has peluap pipe , cover tightly tub of water , has a bathtub floor that must be watertight and easy to clean and water tight SPAL and minimum slope of 2 % .
3 ) Near the water that is the source of water environment should be on springs , not the channel water from the springs that may have been contaminated .
4 ) The water capacity is needed , ie the spring discharge have utilized at least 0.3 liters / sec ( Anonymous , 2011) .

Understanding water and Escherichia Coli Bacteria Definition

Understanding water and Escherichia Coli Bacteria Definition
Water is the most important in life after air . About three -quarters of our body consists of water and no human can survive more than 4-5 days without drinking water . In addition , water is also used for cooking washing , bathing , and cleaning the dirt around the house . Water is also used for industrial purposes , agriculture , firefighting , recreation , transportation and others. Diseases that infect humans can also be transmitted and propagated through the water . These conditions can lead to outbreaks of disease course everywhere ( Chandra , 2007) . Water is one among carriers of disease from the feces for up to humans . So that the water that enters the human body in the form of food and drinks do not cause disease , it is a good water treatment comes from the source , transmission or distribution network is absolutely necessary to prevent contact between the dung as a source of disease with water as needed ( Rohim , 2006) .
Understanding Bacteria Escherichia Coli

 The bacterium E. coli is a parameter in the presence or absence of faecal matter in a very habitat required for the determination of water quality is safe . Especially for the bacteria E. coli , in the presence of water or food that is associated with human interests that are not expected . Due to the presence of microbial groups indicates that the food or water has been contaminated by fecal material , ie the material being with human feces or stool . Coliform is a group of bacteria that are gram-negative bacteria , not spore forming lactose fermenting at a temperature of 35o C or 37 ° C to produce acid , gas and aldehide within 24-48 hours . Once the fecal coliform group of bacteria has the same ability , except that it is more tolerant of higher temperatures , which is 44oC . The number of bacteria used as an indicator of water coliform/100cc or microbiological represent all groups , when in 100 ml of water sample contained 500 bacteria Escherichia coli gastroenteritis possibility of disease . Other bacteria in the coliform group is aerobacter and clebsiella that have properties such as E. coli but generally live in soil and water , not in the so -called nonfecal digestion and pathogens . The bacterium E. coli is this group that is more economical to use for laboratory examination ( Sutrisno , 2006) .

Feces Disposal impact on the environment Biotic and Abiotic

Feces Disposal impact on the environment Biotic and Abiotic
Feces is a waste material that dikelurkan by the human body through the anus as the rest of the process of digestion of food along the digestive tract system ( tractusdigestifus ) . Feces can also invite the arrival of flies and other animals , fly sitting on top of feces containing germs , germs can pass the food through its host , and then humans eat these foods that cause pain
Disposal of human feces that does not meet the health requirements often associated with a lack of clean water and other health care facilities , such things can be a source of various diseases transmitted by feces and more than 50 types of infection by viruses , bacteria , protozoa , and worms or microorganisms can be transmitted and sustained by community .
Feces and liquid waste is waste material arising from human life as being individual and social beings . Feces also a waste material that is highly avoided by humans because it can lead to a very pungent odor and very interesting insects , especially flies , and various other animals such as dogs , chickens , and mice . If the stool and liquid waste dumps are not properly handled , it can result in contamination of the soil surface and groundwater , which could potentially be the cause of the transmission of a wide variety of digestive tract diseases .
Feces ( excreta ) can interfere with human aesthetics or beauty , comfort feces of humans if not handled properly . Therefore, the presence of latrines are needed in order to be used by the public .
2 . Environmental pengetian biotic and abiotic
Environment consists of two components, namely the components of biotic and abiotic environmental surroundings , if biotic components are in the proportional composition between trophic levels by abiotic biotic components support life , the environment was in a state of balance or stable .
a. Biotic components , which consist of living beings such as animals, plants and humans . Biotic environment is a term usually used to refer to something that is alive ( organisms ) . The components that exist in the environment is an integral and inseparable and form a system called ekosistem.Komponen biotic life is an ecosystem components that make up a component in addition to abiotic ( lifeless ) .
b . Abiotic components , which consist of inanimate objects such as water , soil , air , light , sun and so on . Environmental abiotic components are non-living physical and chemical components of a medium or subtract the venue for life or the environment in which to live . Most bervriasi abiotic components in space and time .
3 . Feces Disposal Environmental Impact Against Biotic and Abiotic
Human Feces disposal that are not handled properly can have an impact on humans and the environment .
a. Impact of excreta disposal to biotic environment
1 ) . The impact of sludge water for life vector .
Water in the waste sludge that kelingkungan ( land and water bodies ) cause a lot of trouble vector , sewer , which is near the house is very suitable for nesting the breeding of flies , mosquitoes and rats also like these places to look for food . Limabah stagnant water in ditches , and other water bodies and also a breeding nest nyamuk.Air some kind of waste associated with the life of water -related vector called a vector .
2 ) . The impact of sludge on biota and plant life .
The content of contaminants in sludge will lead to decreased levels of dissolved oxygen in the water . So will result in a life that requires oxygen disrupted water and reduce its development . Additionally death can also be caused by toxic substances in the stool that also cause damage to crops and aquatic plants . resulting in death of the bacteria , the water purification process that should occur naturally in the wastewater is also inhibited .
3 ) . Impact on human feces
Based on the results of existing research , a normal stool is estimated to produce an average of 970 grams a day and produce 970 grams of urine . So if the current adult population of Indonesia is 200 million, then every day spent feces around 194.000juta grams ( 194,000 tons ) . So if the stool is not good management , clear will easily spread disease ,
Disease - Disease sourced from human feces in keloompokkan into four golangan ie
§ Virus :Rotavirus ( diarrhea in children )Hepatitis A virus ( Hepatitis A )Virus Poliomyelitis ( Polio )
§ Bacteria :Vibrio cholerae ( cholera )Escherichia coli ( diarrhea / Dysenterie )Salmonella typhi ( typhoid abdominalis )Shigella dysenteriae ( Dysenterie )
§ Protozoa :- Balatidium coli ( diarrhea , disentry )- Entamoeba histolyka ( disentry amoeba , liver abscess )- Giardia Lambria ( amoeba diarrhea and malabsorption )
§ Worms :- Ancylostoma ( Ancylostomasis Disease )- Ascaris Lumbricoides ( Ascariasis )- Shistosoma japanicum ( Schistosomiamis )- Taenia saginata ( Taeniasis )- Taenia solium ( Taeniasis )- Tricuris tri chiura ( trichuriasis )
§ The disease vectors : mosquitoes , flies , cockroaches .
b . The impact of abiotic environmental excreta disposal
1 ) . Impact on Water and Soil
There are several diseases that fall into the category of water - borne diseases , or diseases carried by water , there are still many areas . These diseases can be spread when a microbial cause can be entered into the public water source used to meet daily needs . While the types of microbes that can spread through the water , among others , bacteria , protozoans and metazoans . Water contamination by fecal commonly measured by faecal coliforms have occurred on a broad scale , it has been demonstrated by an example of survey wells ( shallow wells in Jakarta ) , Many studies indicate the occurrence of contamination .
2 ) . Impact on environmental aesthetics
With the increasing number of organic substances discharged into the aquatic environment , it will be increasingly polluted waters are usually characterized by a pungent odor that can reduce the pile beside the aesthetic environment . The problem of waste oils or fats may also reduce the aesthetic . Besides the smell , the waste also causes the surrounding places became slippery . While waste detergent or soap suds will cause the buildup of very many . This also reduces the aesthetic .
4 . Prevention of Fecal Contamination
To prevent or at least reduce fecal contamination to the environment , the disposal of human waste must be managed properly , that should be done in a certain place or a healthy latrine . A healthy family toilet if it meets the requirements referred to , among others : According to Ehlers and Steel ( in Entjang , 2000 )
- There should be littering the ground .
- May not contaminate surface water .
- May not contaminate ground water .
- Dirt should not be open so that it can be used where the flies lay eggs or other disease vector breeding .
- The outhouse must be shielded from the sight of others.
- The making easy and inexpensive .
- And be accepted by pemakainnya .
Things to consider in handling feces or feces that is :
a) Placement jambanharus lower or higher sam with the location of drinking water .
b ) a minimum distance of 15m for latrine located higher than drinking water sources .
c ) In sandy soils the distance between the toilet with drinking water is 7.5 m .
d ) In a homogeneous soil kemungkianan 0 groundwater contamination , when the toilet is the basis of more than 1.5 m above the ground or water surface when the pond disposal is more than 3m above the ground water level .
e ) a thorough investigation should be done before making cebluk latrines , latrines drill , ponds and wells catchment area containing a layer of rock or limestone , because contamination can occur directly through land lines without natural filtration to distant wells or sources of water supply other drink .
Benefits Processing of Human Feces :
Ø Cutting the transmission lines at the source .
Ø Protect from aesthetic nuisance , odor and safe use advice
Ø Do not place the development of insects as vectors penyaki .
Ø Protect pollution in water supply and environmental

The role of food in Disease Transmission

The role of food in Disease Transmission
In conjunction with a disease / poisoning , food can act as Agent ( the cause ) , vehicle ( carrier ) and a medium ( intermediate )
1 . As agent ( the cause of ) food is the cause of the disease to avoid them :

    Choosing fresh foods or skin is still intact
    Avoid to not eat it
2 . As a vehicle ( carrier ) that food is merely a carrier of the disease , while the food itself does not contain toxins . The things that can be the cause if the terms of the sanitation of food can be divided into several kinds , namely ;

    class of parasites
    microorganisms
    chemical
    physical
    Class of toxins .
3 . As a medium ( intermediate )
That food is a mediator of disease occurrence . Based on the stability , foods are divided into three categories , namely :

    It is difficult to decompose
    can membususk
    easy rot
This relates to the difficulty and constituents of bacteria that are in these foods . High protein content foods are usually unstable and easily decompose because it is the best media in the development of disease germs .
Of elements of " food " there are 4 things that should be in the Notice , ie :
1 . How Storage
2 . How Laundering
3 . Processing Method
Kind of - kind Disease Through Food
Diseases are transmitted through food or food poisoning can be classified in several types of causes , among others :
1 . Infectious Diseases
2 . Food Poisoning
3 . parasite infection
4 . How dispensing and Menghindangkan
• Infectious Disease : It is a disease for which the cause is bacterial pathogens that enter the human body through food . Because this food as a vehicle , then the occurrence of the disease is usually caused by :
1 . Cooking is less than perfect
2 . Food which consists of eggs preserved
3 . Other materials that are not pasteurized
• Food Poisoning pain is caused by contaminated food or bacteria that manghsilakan toxin or absence of food additives that brsifat poison . The things that promote the occurrence of food poisoning include:
1.Adanya affixing chemicals that exceed the dose
2.Karena intentionally contaminated / not by chemical
3.Adanya bacteria that secrete toxins in food