various kinds of relationships Peridoksin Peridoksal With Oxidative carboxylation

various kinds of relationships Peridoksin Peridoksal With Oxidative carboxylation
In 1934 , George defines and separates vitamin B6 can heal scaly dermatitis in mice . Experiments chemical structure and synthesis of vitamin B6 or pirodoksin in charge in 1939 , along with other forms such as peridoksamin peridoksal phosphate as its active form in the set in the year 1945.
Vitamin B6 is found in three forms , namely : peridoksin , peridoksal and peridoksamin . Peridoksin hydrochloride is a synthetic form that is used as a drug . In the phosphorylated state , vitamin B6 serves as a coenzyme form of peridoksal phosphate ( PLP ) , peridoksamin phosphate ( PMP ) in a variety of transamination reactions , in addition to the PLP plays a role in various other reactions

    A. DEFINITIONS
Peridoksil , peridoksal and peridoksamin are three forms of vitamin B6 found in nature . Vitamin B6 acts as a coenzyme form of peridoksal phosphate ( PLP ) and peridoksamin phosphate ( PMP ) in a variety of transamination reactions , in addition to the PLP plays a role in various other reactions .
Pirodoksil phosphate reactions participate in the metabolism of amino acids , such as transamination reaction , decarboxylation , and rasemasi . These reactions require enzymes was different , however, these enzymes require a coenzyme that is peridoksal phosphate .

    B. ROLE B6 ( PERIDOKSIN , PERIDOKSAL ) in protein metabolism .
Vitamin B6 it contains important role in the biochemical processes which dimetabolisis food ingredients in the body . Pyribodoxine found in cells in an active form , known as Pyridoxal Phosphate ( PLP ) , a coenzyme in the metabolism of protein function . , Fats and carbohydrates . Unlike other vitamins are water soluble, the vitamin B6 does not have a direct role in energy metabolism .
Vitamin B6 plays a role in the phosphorylation form of PLP and PMP as a coenzyme in transamination especially , decarboxylation , and other reactions related to protein metabolism . PLP -dependent decarboxylation generate different forms of amines , such as epinephrine , and serotonin noreppinefrin . PLP also play a role in the formation of alpha - acid precursor heme in hemoglobin aminolevulinat.yaitu .
In addition , the PLP in the need for a change of tryptophan into niacin . As a coenzyme for phosphorylase , PLP helps release from the liver and muscle glycogen as glucose - 1 - phosphate . PLP is also involved in the change of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid that have important biological functions . Peridoksin are in high concentrations in the brain even at low plasma level . Brain disorders such as dementia may be caused by the lack of taking certain vitamins , especially vitamin B6 by the brain .
Because vitamin B6 plays a role in the metabolism of many proteins , kebutuhanya comparable to the protein needs . Sources of vitamin B6 are meats , poultry , yeast , cereals , Ubu and sweet potatoes . Vitamin B6 deficiency cause symptoms associated with impaired metabolism of proteins , such as weakness , irritability , and difficulty sleeping . Disadvantages further cause growth retardation , impaired motor function and convulsions , anemia , decreased antibody formation , peredangan tongue and sores on the lips , the corners of the mouth and kulit.kekurangan vitamin B6 can cause severe damage to the central nervous system .

    C. RELATIONSHIP WITH oxidative carboxylation
DEKARBOLSILASI OKSIDATIFatau abbreviated as DO is the process of conversion of pyruvate to Asetilkoezim - A
Ø The process of Deyang where this process takes place Oxidative carboxylation is in the outer membrane as the phase between the mitocondria before the Krebs Cycle ( Krebs Cycle Pre ) so DO often incorporated directly in the Krebs Cycle .
Ø pyruvate oxidation reaction is the result of glycolysis into acetyl coenzyme - A , an important reaction step liaison between glycolysis pathways circumference tricarboxylic acid ( Krebs cycle ) .
Ø diaktalisis reaction by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondrial matrix involves three kinds of enzymes ( pyruvate dehydrogenase , dihidrolipoil transacetylase , and dihidrolipoil dehydrogenase ) , five kinds of coenzyme ( tiaminpirofosfat , lipoic acid , coenzyme - A , flavin adenine dinucleotide , and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ) and reaction takes place in five stages .
Ø Overall decarboxylation reaction is irreversible , with Δ G 0 = - 80 kcal per mole .
Ø This reaction is the main entrance of carbohydrates into the Krebs cycle .
Ø The first stage of the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase which uses thiamine pyrophosphate as koenzimnya .
Ø decarboxylation of pyruvate produces α - hydroxyethyl compounds related to the group of the thiazole ring of thiamine pyrophosphate .
Ø In the second reaction step α - hydroxyethyl didehidrogenase into acetyl thiamine pyrophosphate was then transferred from the S atom to the next of the coenzyme , lipoic acid , which is bound to the enzyme transacetylase dihidrolipoil .
Ø In this case the disulfide group of lipoic acid is converted to the form of its reduction , sulfhydryl groups . In the third stage of the reaction , the acetyl group was transferred to the intermediate enzyme of the acidic group lipoil dihidrolipoat , kegugus thiol ( sulfhydryl on coenzyme - A ) .
Ø Then acetyl co - enzyme A release from the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex .
Ø In the fourth reaction step lipoil thiol groups on cluster -bound transacetylase dihidrolipoil oxidized back into shape disulfidanya with dihidrolipoil dehydrogenase enzyme that binds to FAD ( flavin adenine dinucleotide ) .
Ø Finally ( fifth reaction stage ) + FADH ( reduced form of FAD ), which remains bound to the enzyme , oxidized back to NAD + ( nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ) widened FAD , while NAD + is transformed into NADH ( reduced form of NAD + ) .
REFERENCES
The basic principle of the science of nutrition , Sunita Almatsier
http://obtrando.wordpress.com/glo-vitamin-b6/
http://www.VIT.B6.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=18&id=34&Ite

definition and types of Learning Media

definition and types of Learning Media
Derived from the Latin media is the plural of " medium " which literally means " Intermediary " or " Introduction " is an intermediary or an introductory message to the recipient the message source . Some experts provide a definition of instructional media . Schramm (1977 ) suggested that learning media is the messenger of technology that can be used for learning purposes .
Meanwhile , Briggs (1977 ) argues that learning is a means of physical media to convey the content / learning materials such as books , movies , videos and so on . Meanwhile , the National Education Associaton (1969 ) revealed that instructional media are a means of communication in the form of print and point of view heard , including technology hardware . Of the three above opinion concluded that instructional media is anything that can deliver the message , to stimulate thoughts , feelings , and the willingness of the students so as to encourage the creation of learning process in self-learners .
Brown ( 1973) revealed that instructional media are used in learning activities can affect the effectiveness of learning . At first , the media only serves as a learning tool for teachers to use is visual aids . Around mid-century attempt to use visual -20 fitted with the use of audio tools , thus was born the audio - visual aids . In line with the development of science and technology ( Science and Technology ) , particularly in the fields of education , current use of tools or instructional media are becoming increasingly widespread and interactive , such as computers and the Internet .

    * There are various types of learning media , including :

    Visual Media :
In visual media outreach activities can be defined in various terms including the following :
Ø Something that can help farmers to beljar through sight .
Ø The tool can display the material extension through sentences , images / pictures, sounds , movements , or other symbols that look .
Ø extension tool that can help to convey the material so that farmers can understand , comprehend and remember the material presented extension .
Example : graphs , diagrams , charts , charts , posters , cartoons , comics .
Utilization of visual media
Used in accordance with the topic and shown or disclosed to the target , either at the time the message penyampaiaan lasted well after the fact and after the message conveyed . With the steps .
- Choose an object as the topic of the message.
- Select a message
- Messaging made ​​striking
- Made a brief message .

    Media Audial :
Characteristics of Audio Media Audio Media is putting the media feed the sense of hearing . Ak messages delivered can be poured into an emblem - lamabang auditory , verbal (words ) and non -verbal ( sound effect ) . Which includes audio media include radio and audio cassettes . Program audio ( cassette ) teramsuk one medium that is wellknown to the village level .
Utilization Media Audio
· Use of Media Slide
· Preparation
· Placement of screens , projectors , and Students
· Left or right whiteboard
· Projector perpendicular to the screen . The size of the image terganting distance .
· Arrange student seating
· Adjust the projector and tape recorder votage
· Cassette tape recorder or adjacent to the projector
· Connect the projector and tape the power source

    Audio-visual media :
· Use of Media
· Before the screening program
1 . Program prepares students to pay attention to the road giving stimuli and focus their attention via comments or questions .
2 . Teachers can prepare students to take to heart in a way ;
- Creating a cool room atmosphere , for example by closing doors and glass windows were given ( curtain ) so that students can be more focused on programs .
- Invite students to listen quietly and politely and focused on programs .
- Preparing students to pay attention to the program by giving stimuli and focus their attention via comments or questions .
· At the moment the program playback
1 . Teachers and students should be in their respective places , and not running back and forth to distract the attention of students who are devoted to programs that listen
2 . Students should note parts or things that are less / not clear / not understood to be asked / discussed after the program ends
3 . Tasks ( if any ) in accordance with the commands in the program .

understanding and treatment of Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) according to the experts

understanding and treatment of Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) according to the experts
A. Definition of diabetes mellitus ( DM )

            Diabetes mellitus , DM (Greek : διαβαίνειν , diabaínein , translucent or shower water ) (Latin : mellitus , sweet taste ) , also known in Indonesia by the term sugar urine disease is a disorder caused by many factors metabolisyang , with simtoma form of chronic hyperglycemia and impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins , as a result of :
1 . deficiency of insulin secretion , insulin activity , or both .
2 . glucose transporter deficiency .
3 . or both .
Various diseases , syndromes and can be triggered by diabetesmellitus simtoma , such as: Alzheimer's , ataxia - telangiectasia , sindromDown , penyakitHuntington , mitochondrial disorders , distrofimiotonis , penyakitParkinson , sindromPrader - Willi , sindromWerner , sindromWolfram , leukoaraiosis , dementia , hypothyroidism , hyperthyroidism , hypogonadism , and others.

    B. Common symptoms
v simtoma hyperglycemia further induce three other classic symptoms :
- Polyuria - frequent urination .
- Polydipsia - always feel thirsty
- Polifagia - always feeling hungry
- Weight loss , often only in diabetes mellitus type 1
v and after long-term without adequate treatment , can lead to a variety of chronic complications , such as :
- Disorders of the eye with the potential result in blindness ,
- Disorders of the kidney to result in renal failure
- Cardiovascular disorders , accompanied by basement membrane lesions that can be identified by examination using electron microscopy .
- Disorders of the nervous system to autonomic nerve dysfunction , foot ulcers , amputation , Charcot joint and sexual dysfunction .
v and other symptoms such as dehydration , ketoacidosis , ketonuria and hyperosmolar non - ketotic which can result in stupor and coma .
- Rentanterhadap infection .
v The word diabetes mellitus itself refers simtoma called glycosuria , or diabetes , which occurs when the patient does not get treatment immediately .

    C. Classification

    The World Health Organization ( WHO ) classifies forms of diabetes mellitus based care and simtoma :
1 . Type 1 diabetes , which include simtoma ketoacidosis until the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas that caused or cause autoimmunity , and are idiopathic . Diabetes mellitus with unclear pathogenesis , such as cystic fibrosis or mitochondrial deficiency , not included in this classification .
2 . Type 2 diabetes , which is caused by a deficiency of insulin secretion , often accompanied by insulin resistance syndrome
3 . Gestational diabetes , which includes gestational impaired glucose tolerance , and gestational diabetes mellitus GIGT , GDM .
* And according to clinical stage without consideration of the pathogenesis , made ​​into :
1 . Insulin requiring for survivaldiabetes , as in the case of C - peptide deficiency .
2 . Insulin requiring for controldiabetes . At this stage , endogenous insulin secretion is not sufficient to achieve normoglicemia symptoms , if not accompanied by additional hormones from outside the body .
3 . Not insulin requiring diabetes .
Four classes are similar to the clinical stage classification of IDDM (English : insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus ) , while the fifth and sixth stages are members of the classification of NIDDM (English : non- insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus ) . IDDM and NIDDM is a classification that is listed on the International Nomenclature of Diseases in 1991 and the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases in 1992 .
Malnutrion - related classification of diabetes mellitus , MRDM , no longer used because , although malnutrition can affect the expression of several types of diabetes , has so far not found evidence that malnutrition or protein deficiency can lead to diabetes . MRDM subtypes ; Protein - deficient pancreatic diabetes mellitus , PDPDM , PDPD , PDDM , is still regarded as a form of malnutrition that is induced by diabetes mellitus and requires further research . Whereas other subtypes , Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes , FCPD , classified as exocrine pancreatic disease in Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy trajectory that induces diabetes mellitus .
Classification of Impaired Glucose Tolerance , IGT , now defined as the stage of defective glucose regulation , as can be observed in all types of aberration hiperglisemis . But no longer considered a diabetic .
Classification of Impaired Fasting Glycaemia , IFG , was introduced as the ratio simtoma fasting blood sugar is higher than the upper limit of the normal range , but still below the ratio defined as the basis of a diagnosis of diabetes .

    D. Cause
In general melittus diabetes caused by damage to a small part or most of the beta cells of the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas that produce insulin function , resulting in insulin deficiency .
Besides melittus diabetes can also occur due to interference with the function of insulin in glucose enter into the cells . The disorder may occur due to obesity or other reasons as yet unknown
1 . Diabetes Type I :
- Genetic factors
Diabetics are not inherited type I diabetes itself ; but inherit a genetic predisposition or tendency toward the occurrence of diabetes mellitus type I. Genetic predisposition is found in individuals who have HLA antigen type .
- Immunological Factors
The presence of an autoimmune response in which antibodies directed an abnormal response to normal tissue of the body by way of reacting to such networks are considered as if they were foreign tissue . Ie autoantibodies against islet cells of Langerhans and endogenous insulin .
- Environmental factors
Virus or toxin may trigger certain autoimmune process that causes destruction selbeta .
2 . Diabetes Type II
The exact mechanism that leads to insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion in Type II diabetes is still unknown . Genetic factors play a role in the development of insulin resistance .
- Risk factors :
a. Age ( insulin resistance tends to increase at the age of 65 years )
b . obesity
c . family historyE. ComplicationsLong-term complications include cardiovascular disease ( double the risk ) , chronic renal failure ( the main cause of dialysis ) , retinal damage which can lead to blindness , and nerve damage that can cause impotence and gangrene with risk of amputation . More serious complications more common when poor control of blood sugar levels .- Diabetic ketoacidosisIn patients with type I diabetes , symptoms develop suddenly and can develop rapidly into a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis . Sugar levels in the blood is high , but because most of the cells can not use sugar without insulin , then these cells take energy from other sources . Fat cells are broken down and produces ketones , which is a toxic chemical compound that can cause the blood to become acidic ( ketoacidosis ) . Early symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis is thirst and frequent urination , nausea , vomiting , fatigue and abdominal pain ( especially in children ) . Breathing becomes deep and rapid as the body attempts to repair the blood acidity . Patient breath smells like acetone smell . Without treatment , diabetic ketoacidosis can develop into a coma , sometimes within just a few hours . Even after starting insulin therapy , type I diabetic ketoacidosis may develop if they miss a single injection of insulin or experiencing stress due to infection , accident or serious illness . Patients with type II diabetes may not show symptoms for several years . If more severe insulin deficiency , there arose a symptom of frequent urination and thirst . Rarely ketoacidosis . If blood sugar levels are very high ( up to more than 1,000 mg / dL , usually caused by stress such as infection or drugs ) , then the patient will experience severe dehydration , which can cause mental confusion , dizziness , seizures , and a condition called coma hyperglycemic - hyperosmolar non - ketotic .
G. LEARNING ACTIVITIES EXTENSION
In the extension of learning that is taking place or we will target extension in love as in RS , posiandu , and in places which can be convenient to provide counseling , so that people can receive it well. And preparing stages such extension ; The activity phase consisting of a preliminary phase ( introduction ) , stage presentation , and closing stages .
1 . preliminary stage
Is the preparation stage or early stage before entering the presentation of the material that will be taught . The extension phase Pd briefly describes the materials that will be conveyed . This stage is meant to mentally prepare participants to pay attention and study hard during the presentation phase . The introduction is usually 5-10 minutes , or 5 % of the time extension .
2 . stage presentation ( presentation) .
Which is the main process within counseling , therein included the following parts :
a. Description ( explanation) , both within the BTK verbal and non-verbal such as : the use of graphs , pictures , real objects , models , and or demonstrations motion .
b . Sample ( example ) and non- examples ( non example ) that the practical and concrete from the description that they are abstract concepts .
c . Exercise ( exercise) which is a practice for participants .
d . Most ( 80-90 % ) of the time extension activities used within this stage .
3 . closing phase (test and follow-up ) .
An extension is the final stage , this stage includes three activities , namely :
a. Implementation test results counseling , to be answered or done .
b . Feedback is information that the results of the test .
c . Follow-up reply in the form of clues about what to do next .
d . Concluding phase takes about 10-20 minutes , or 10-15 % of the time extension .
H. METHOD
The method used is the extension .
I. TOOL
The tools are in use such as leaflets and food samples .
J. EVALUATION
Evaluations or tests they will be asked to answer orally or done by participants who appointed . example :
For friends, adek - adek , and here are all the same let us learn ,
1 . Come mother there , what understanding of diabetes mellitus was ? .......
2 . Father there what is the cause of diabetes mellitus that? ........
3 . Sister were there any symptoms of diabetes mellitus that? ...
4 . Let there Adek , what ingredients can not be consumed by people with diabetes mellitus ? .....
5 . Come all , who could lift a hand yes , , , , how the classification of diabetes mellitus that? .
REFERENCES
1 . http://www.ningharmanto.com/2009/09/diabetes-mellitus/
2 . IDF Chooses Blue Circle to Represent UN Resolution Unite for Diabetes Campaign , 17 March 2006
3 . http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus
4 . Pathophysiology , Clinical concepts of disease processes , Sylvia A. price lorraine M , Wilson.penerbit medical book ( page ; 1110 )
5 . Pathophysiology clinical application inspection & management , valentine l . brashers , publisher of medical books ( page ; 157 )

 A wide variety of diseases and medical care , wahyudi , publisher of the national effort Surabaya . ( Page ; 53 )
7 . Guyton human physiology and disease mechanisms , revised edition , publisher of medical books ( hlaman ; 699 )

  Nursing Science ( verpleegkunde zv ) , part 2 , m . bouwhuaizen , alihbahsa : med drs Moelia king siregar EGC publisher of medical books ( hlaman ; 49 )

2 types of vitamins and their benefits for the body .

2 types of vitamins and their benefits for the body .
Various vitamins and beneficial for the body . Vitamins are needed by our bodies , the exact composition of the vitamin could increase the vitality of the body and maintain stamina and protect our body from the attack of various diseases . Have your vitamin needs are met in the body ? whether the food you eat contains enough vitamins that are needed by the body ?
Vitamins are complex compounds of a substance that is needed by our body that serves to aid the body's regulation or process activity . Without vitamin humans , animals and other living creatures will not be able to perform activities of life and can lead to vitamin deficiencies increase the odds of disease in our bodies .
Vitamins based on their solubility in water :
- Vitamins are water soluble : Vitamin B and Vitamin C.- Vitamins are not soluble in water : Vitamins A , D , E , and K vitamins adek or abbreviated .
1 . vitamin A

    Sources of Vitamin A = Milk , fish , green and yellow vegetables , liver , red fruits and yellow ( red peppers , carrots , bananas , papaya , etc. ) .
    The disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin A = night blindness , cataracts , respiratory infections , immune deficiencies , unhealthy skin , and others .
    Vitamin A : Vitamins are essential for the maintenance of corneal cells to help the growth of bone and teeth formation and hormone regulation to protect the body against cancer . Vitamin A found in many vegetables ( carrots , sweet potatoes , pumpkin , spinach , tomatoes ) , fruits ( papaya ) , milk , cheese , butter , and eggs , if the body lacks vitamin A leads to a decrease in the function of the corneal blindness , changes bone shape , pertumbuhaannya inhibited , forming a gap ( tooth decay ) , atrophy tooth -forming cells
2 . vitamin B1

    Sources that contain vitamin B1 = Wheat , meat , milk , green beans , yeast , rice , eggs , and so on .
    The disease is caused due to deficiency of vitamin B1 = Dry skin / kusik / busik , flaky skin , decreased endurance .
     Vitamin B1 : Vitamins are essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates , treat beriberi , the circumstances which led to an increased need for vitamins B1 , for example during pregnancy . Sources of vitamin B1 : vegetables , nuts milk , egg yolks , potatoes , If the body lacks vitamin B1menyebabkan reduced physical and psychological abilities , no appetite , reduced body weight , impaired function of the stomach and intestines .
3 . vitamin B2

    Sources that contain vitamin B2 = Fresh vegetables , soybeans , egg yolks , milk , and many others .
    The disease is caused by deficiency of vitamin B2 = decline in the immune system , kilit dry scaly , dry mouth , cracked lips , mouth sores , and so on .
    Vitamin B2 : Vitamins are important for prevention of vitamin B2 deficiency that often accompanies pellagra or deficiency of other B vitamins, vitamin B2 Source : yeast , whole grains , eggs , various vegetables , legumes , milk , cheese , and partly synthesized by intestinal bacteria Symptoms of vitamin B2 deficiency is rare in humans . Vitamin B2 is usually obtained with food and synthesized by intestinal bacteria is sufficient , deficiency usually occurs after chronic diarrhea or after long-term therapy with antibiotics or sulfonamides .
4 . vitamin B3

    Sources that contain vitamin B3 = fruits , wheat , yeast , liver , fish , kidney , sweet potatoes , poultry and so on .
    The disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B3 = disruption of the digestive system , muscle cramps and spasms easy , insomnia , fatigue bedan , easy vomiting and nausea , etc.
5 . Vitamin B5 .

    Sources that contain vitamin B5 = Meat , milk , green vegetables , kidney , liver , green beans , and many others .
    The disease is caused by deficiency of vitamin B5 = muscle easily be cramps, difficulty sleeping , skin chapped and flaky , etc.
6 . Vitamin B6 .

    Sources that contain vitamin B6 = Nuts , corn , rice , liver , fish , mashed rice , yeast , meat , and others.
    The disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B6 = pellagra aka chapped skin , muscle cramps , insomnia or trouble sleeping , and many others .
    - Vitamin B6 : Vitamin B6 is used for the high -dose irradiation damage caused , neuritis following isoniazid therapy or Cycloserine , source of vitamin B6 : yeast , whole grains , green vegetables , brain , egg yolk , liver , and milk , Vitamin B6 deficiency is rare in humans .
7 . vitamin B12

    Sources that contain vitamin B12 = eggs , liver , meat , and others .
    Diseases caused by vitamin B12 deficiency or anemia = Less blood , easily tired / fatigue / lethargy / lemes / weakness , skin diseases , and so on .
    - Vitamin B12 : Vitamin is essential for the formation of cells ( including red blood cells ) and maintain nerve cells , sources of vitamin B12 : meat , dairy , fish , poultry ( chicken ) .
8 . vitamin C

    Sources that contain vitamin C = Guava Guava klutuk or stone , citrus , tomatoes , pineapple , fresh vegetables , and so forth .
    The disease is caused by lack of vitamin C = Easy wound infection , bleeding gums , pain in joints , etc.
    Vitamin C : Vitamins are essential for the formation of collagen which helps the absorption of iron , as an antioxidant , a compound producing certain hormones and nerve transmitters . Vitamin C found in oranges and other fruit that tastes sour , chili , broccoli , If the body is lacking vitamin C causes scurvy ( bleeding gums ) , mouth sores , growth retardation in infants and children , easy-going injury and infection of the body .
9 . vitamin D

    Sources that contain vitamin D = fish oil , milk , eggs , cheese , and others .
    The disease is caused by deficiency of vitamin D = Dental will be more easily damaged , otok may experience seizures , abnormal bone growth that usually calf will form the letter O or X.
    Vitamins are essential to help the establishment / maintenance of bone formation and mineral homeostasis , Foods that contain vitamin D : milk , liver , eggs , fish , and fish oil , if the body lacks vitamin D causes gastrointestinal disease ( malabsorption or chronic inflammation of the pancreas ) . chronic renal failure , in children can cause rickets .
10 . vitamin E

    Sources that contain vitamin E = Fish , chicken , egg yolk , sprouts , yeast , vegetable oil , oatmeal , etc. .
    The disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin E = Can both men and women infertile , nerve and muscle disorders , etc. .
    Vitamins are essential to prevent hemolysis of red blood cells and anemia , vitamin E sources : green vegetables , beans , if the body lacks vitamin E may occur hemolysis of red blood cells .
11 . vitamin K

    Sources that contain vitamin K = milk , egg yolks , fresh vegetables , etc. .
The disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin K = Blood hard freezes when injured / bloody / wounded / bleeding , bleeding in the body , and so on . (Source : from various sources ) . 6 . Vitamin K : Vitamin K in the body will affect the enzyme system which synthesizes blood clotting factors , the biggest source of vitamin K comes from green vegetables such as kale and chard , brooli , sprouts , spinach , and cauliflower , If the body is lacking vitamins can cause blood difficult freezes .

Source of Vitamins in food

Source of Vitamins in foodSource of vitamins :
Sources of vitamins are vegetables and fresh fruits every day akonsumsi kit . However, the levels of vitamins in the diet depends on the type of food , how penyimpaan and processing methods .

  Vitamin A is produced by the two compounds are converted by the body into vitamin . Vitamin A derived from animal ( provitamin A ) are available in the form of retinol , while derived from vegetable available in the form of beta-carotene . Beta-carotene which we consume in the small intestine is converted to vitamin

 Vitamins can not be manufactured by the body but must be added through the food we eat . It is no wonder that today many vitamin or multivitamin products sold in pharmacies and drug stores . One of the common vitamins
for sale is a vitamin B complex . These vitamins are sold in the form of multivitamins , milk , and food additives
Ubi contained many vitamins , fiber and minerals that are useful to the body such as vitamin C , vitamin E , vitamin B , vitamin Potassium words have been proposed by an expert biochemical Poland in 1912.Vita nation in Latin bemaksud life and mine - amine is the addition of the amine is word ; you indulge in those crowded that thought bahawa all vitamins are amines and now these errors are into disedari .
Values ​​for consuming certain foods have been known to perpetuate kesihatan long before vitamins are known for sure . People do know that ancient Egyptians gave pesakit eat liver will help treat night blindness , which is now known due to lack of vitamin A. In 1747 , Scotland surgeon , James Lind menyedari bahawa citrus foods helped stymie beriberi (scurvy ) ,
capable of carrying a deadly disease in which collagen is not formed, and the characteristics that emerge are slower to heal wounds , bleeding gums , and excessive pain . In 1753 , Lind published his Treatise on the Scurvy . What results is met , however, is not widely accepted . For example , an expedition to the Arctic Sea Tentera Di Raja in the 19th century , it is widely believed bahawa beriberi be abducted by good personal hygiene on board , senaman periodically , and perpetuate moral accomplice ship , instead of the food permakanan fresh . This resulted Tentera sea expedition it was attacked by the disease beriberi . When Robert Falcon Scott's expedition to Antarctica to do two at the beginning of the 20th century , when it was perubatan theory beriberi disease caused by contaminated food in tin .
Symptoms of vitamin deficiency in humans called " deficiency " . A deficiency of certain vitamins would show the typical symptoms that may be caused by the absence of the vitamin in foodstuffs or available in sufficient quantity , but only a few are absorbed in the digestive system
The things that cause vitamin in foods is lost
1 . The longer foods are stored the more vitamins are lost
2 . Wash your food too long in the water
3 . Food items that have been cut into pieces so that the surface is not directly cooked food so that it can come into contact with contaminated dirt .
4 . In the cooking process uses high temperatures
5 . Using too much water boiled cooking process so much time is wasted .
Loss of vitamins in cooking can be prevented by
1 . Using the temperature is not too high
2 . Cooking time not too long
3 . Using a little cooking water may
4 . Cutting food is not too small so that the vitamins in foods is not much coming out .
5 . Pot should be closed when cooking
6 . Remaining water boilers used for other dishes .

10 Habits That Can Damage the Brain

1 . No BreakfastThose who do not eat breakfast have lower blood sugar levels , which consequently supply of nutrients to the brain becomes less .
2 . OvereatToo much to eat , let alone a high fat content , can result in hardening of the brain blood vessels due to accumulation of fat in the blood vessel wall . As a result, the ability of the brain to decrease .
3 . smokeSubstances in the inhaled cigarette will quickly lead to brain shrinkage and may lead to Alzheimer's disease .
4 . Consuming Too Much SugarConsumption of too much sugar will cause disruption of the absorption of proteins and nutrients , causing nutritional imbalances that would interfere with brain development
5 . Air PollutionThe brain is the largest oxygen consumer in the human body . Inhaling polluted air lowers the oxygen supply to the brain so it can reduce the efficiency of the brain .
6 . Sleep DeprivationThe brain needs sleep as a time to rest and restore capabilities . Lack of sleep for a long time will accelerate the deterioration of brain cells .
7 . Closing Head While SleepingThe habit of sleeping with the head covered increases the concentration of carbon dioxide and decrease concentration of oxygen that can cause brain damage effects .
8 . Using Mind When SickWorking too hard or forced to use our mind when we are sick can cause a reduction in effectiveness of the brain as well as damage the brain .
9 . Less Stimulating MindThinking is the best way to train our brain . The lack of stimulation to the brain can cause our brains wrinkle .
10 . rarely CommunicateCommunication is necessary as a means of spurring ability of the brain . Communicate intellectually can trigger brain efficiency . The scarcity of intellectual ability to communicate will cause the brain to be poorly trained .

Impact of Cigarette Smoke For Passive Smokers

Impact of Cigarette Smoke For Passive SmokersNot who ate exposed to the sap . That's bad luck passive smokers are exposed to nicotine and forced to participate toxic substances from tobacco smoke . Although only an instant , as well as active smokers , lung turns passive smokers also contaminated by toxic substances more than 4,000 cigarettes .
Experts have long defined inhale cigarette smoke in smokers is mainstream smoke , while the smoke from the burning end of the cigarette sidestream smoke in the call . Air pollution by comparing mainstream and sidestream smoke is called second hand smoke in the ( secondhand smoke ) or environmental tobacco smoke ( tobacco smoke environemntal / ETS ) .Second hand smoke is also bad , among other things , increase the risk of cardiovascular disease due to damage to blood vessels and changes in cholesterol levels .

Several studies have shown , people are often exposed to smoke from her husband for several years at risk of developing lung cancer by 20 percent . Meanwhile , those exposed at work or social environment , the risk is higher at 25 percent . Although the air conditioning ( AC ) can eliminate visible smoke in the room , but can not eliminate smoking because the particles will continue to circulate and very easily inhaled by non-smokers . Because of this , turn on the air conditioning is not the answer to avoiding the dangers of smoking .


    Acrolein : colorless liquid substance obtained by taking fluid from glyceril or by drying . Basically these substances containing alcohol must be very detrimental to health .
    Carbon Monoxide : odorless gas . This substance is derived from the incomplete combustion of elemental carbon substances . If this carbon monoxide enters the body and carried by the hemoglobin in the muscles of the body . The hemoglobin molecule can carry four molecules of oxygen . If the hemoglobin contained in the carbon monoxide , lead a person to be deprived of oxygen .
    Nicotine : colorless oily liquid . These substances can inhibit hunger . So it does not cause a person to feel hungry due to smoke cigarettes .
    Ammonia : colorless gas , composed of nitrogen and hydrogen . Has a very sharp odor and stimulating . This substance is very quickly enters the body's cells and when injected in the bloodstream few will make fainting or coma .
    Formic Acid : colorless liquid , pungent odor , can move freely and can create blisters .
    Hydrogen Cyanide : the gas is colorless , odorless and no flavor . This substance is the lightest and flammable . Cyanide contain harmful toxins and if entered directly into the body will result in death .
    Nitrous Oxide : colorless gas and if in the suction can cause loss of judgment and create pain . This substance is initially for narcotic substances at the time of surgery .
    Formaldehyde : gas is colorless and pungent . This gas is a preservative and disinfectant .
    Phenol : This substance consists of a mixture of crystals generated in stylized organic substances such as wood and charcoal . Phenol can be bound in the protein and blocking the enzyme work .
    Acetol : This substance is the result of heating aldehyde and the alcohol evaporates .
    Hydrogen Sulfide : combustible gas and stink . These substances block the oxidation enxym ( iron- containing pigment ) .
    Pyridine : colorless liquid and pungent . This substance is able to change the alcohol as a solvent and pest killers .
    Methyl Chloride : a mixture of substances bervalensa one upon which hydrogen and carbon as the main element . This substance is an organic compound that is highly toxic and its vapor is equal to the tranquilizer .
    Methanol : lighter fluid volatile and flammable . If in drinking and in the suction can result in blindness and death .
    Tar : viscous dark brown or black in get by distillation of wood and charcoal as well as from the sap of tobacco . These substances that cause lung cancer .

Despite the dangers of smoking have been understood , in fact there are many smokers who do not care about the suffering of others . Casually they still smoke on the bus or work space .
Anti - smoke campaign already in gaungkan has yet perkokok not guarantee the right to breathe clean air . Indeed , now widely encountered smoking room , but the authorities should also help smokers who want to quit smoking .

10 Ways to Overcome Difficult Sleep

10 Ways to Overcome Difficult SleepDo you have insomnia ? Not annoying at all , how the night should not be used to break because it was tired of working even not being sleepy . Do not take for granted , you may include people with insomnia .Difficulty sleeping or insomnia is a complaint about the lack of quality sleep caused by one of the difficult entering sleep , frequent night awakenings then difficult to go back to sleep , waking up too early , and sleep soundly . Insomnia is not caused by at least one sleep , because each person has a number of hours of sleep on their own . But the emphasis is due to be caused by lack of sleep at night such as fatigue , lack of arousal , and difficulty concentrating when on the move .According to Katherine Albert , M.D. Ph . D. , director of the sleep lab at the New York Hospital and author of " Get a Good Night 's Sleep , " insomnia is a symptom not a medical problem that is a symptom that something is not functioning right around you .To ensure you to easily sleepy at night so they can rest in peace , following 10 tips are delivered Katherine Albert :1 . Sleep in a comfortable bedOne problem was caused because the beds were uncomfortable so choose a bed where the mattress and pillows made from the finest materials .2 . Be sure the bedroom is conducive to sleepSetting the bedroom is very important to ensure a good sleep because it Arrange the room well with slightly cooler temperatures .3 . bathBefore going to bed in a state agency seek fresh as it first try a bath before bed because the bath is one way to make the muscles relaxed and refreshed .4 . Drink a glass of milk or a cup of hot tea hebralDo not worry about drinking a glass of warm milk before bed will make your body fat . Milk contains calcium and l - tryptophan which helps the body prepare for sleep .5 . Do a relaxation exerciseIf you have trouble sleeping at night , why not to do a relaxation exercise such as breathing exercises , listening to soft songs or let your mind wander to accelerate drowsiness come .6 . Try reading light readingRead books that light you can also do to speed up the sleepiness because reading can make eyes tired and when tired , sleep would come quickly .7 . Never mind the concerns and close the bedroom doorConcerns are often thought of being a burden and make it difficult to sleep because of worries that rid your mind and rest assured the bedroom door closed so that no disturbances during sleep .8 . Rest assured one hour before bed as comfortable as possibleBefore going to bed make sure you move an hour before the contest to stop the sinister activities such as watching movies or other activities that may interfere .9 . Allow yourself to sleepDrowsiness can not be forced to eventually come , let the body feel , do not force or control sleep because you can not control it .10 . wakeWaking up after 30 minutes or so and do something that you like or need to do . If you can not sleep , instead of doing something useful , be productive by doing something that you need to accomplish .