Definition and types of waste and garbage treatment principle 6

Definition and types of waste and garbage treatment principle 6
UNDERSTANDING WASTE .
Garbage is a material that has no value or is not valuable for ordinary or main purpose in fabrication or use of the goods are damaged or defect in fabrication or manufacturing or material surplus or rejected or discarded " . ( Dictionary of Environmental Terms , 1994) . " Waste is a waste or discarded material sources result of human activities and natural processes that do not have economic value . " ( Environmental Terms for Management , Ecolink , 1996) . " Waste is anything that is not useful anymore , discarded by their owners or users of the original " . ( Tanjung , Dr. . M.Sc. , 1982) " Waste is a resource that is not ready-made . " ( Radyastuti , Prof. W. . Ir , 1996) .
According to the dictionary of environmental terms , the definition of a material having garbage that has no value , valuable materials for the usual purpose , the use of defective materials , defective goods in fabrication manufacturing , surplus material , or material that is rejected .
TYPES OF GARBAGE .
Garbage when viewed in terms of its type such as:
1 . Waste that can rot or wet waste ( garbage ) . Garbage is garbage that is easily decomposed because of the activities of spoilage microorganisms .
2 . Waste that does not rot or dry waste ( refuse ) . This type of waste can not be degraded by microorganisms , and its handling requires special techniques . Examples of this type of garbage is ketas , plastic , and glass ,
3 . Garbage in the form of dust or ash . This type of waste is usually the result of the combustion process . The litter size is relatively small at less than 10 microns and can enter the respiratory tract .
4 . Hazardous waste that waste type is often called junk B3 , said to be dangerous because it is based on the amount or concentration or because of physical or chemical properties or microbes can :
1 . Increased mortality and significant mobility or cause disease is not reversible or severe pain can not be recovered or reversible or which can be recovered .
2 . Potentially dangerous in current and future health or the environment if not processed , transported , stored and disposed of properly . Waste entering the waste that is classified as a type likely to cause poisoning both humans and fauna and flora in the environment , Slamet (1994 ) .
While Hadiwiyono , ( 1983) classifying garbage by two characteristics , namely :

    1 . chemical
a. Organic .
Trash containing organic compounds or junk umsur composed of carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , and phosphorus.
b . inorganic
Waste that can not be broken down by microorganisms , if bisapun requires a very long time .
2 . physics
a. Wet waste ( garbage )
Garbage is composed of the remnants of organic materials are easily weathered and rotting .
b . Dry waste ( rubbish )
Dry waste can be classified into two groups namely metals such as iron , zinc , aluminum and non- metallic types such as paper and wood .
c . trash soft
Trash soft has a special feature in the form of small particles that are lightweight and easily carried away by the wind .
d . Large trash ( bulkywaste )
This type of waste has a relatively larger size , for example, the former junk vehicle engine .
e . Hazardous waste ( hazardous waste )
This type of garbage consists of :
o Waste pathogen ( usually this kind of garbage coming from medical activities )
o toxic waste ( trash example pesticides , isektisida , drugs , sterofom )
o Waste explosion , misiu , the rest of the bombs and others
o Waste radioactive and nuclear materials .
C. Source of Waste
Based on the source , Wibowo . Arianto and Djajawinata . Darwin T. , ( 2007) divides waste into two groups:
1 . domestic rubbish
Is waste generated by human activities directly , eg household waste , market , school and so on .
2 . Non- domestic rubbish
Is waste generated by human activity indirectly , eg plant litter , industry and agriculture .
D. Nature of Waste
Based on the nature of the principal , the garbage is divided into two , namely :
1 . Degradabel ie garbage bodies are easily broken down by life or microorganisms .
2 . Non degradabel is naturally difficult trash outlined .
E. Waste Management
Techniques - techniques that can be used for the management of solid waste management are as follows :
1 . cumulation
With this method , the actual waste is not destroyed directly , but left to decompose into organic matter .
2 . Composting
How composting is a simple way and can produce fertilizer that has economic value . Biological trash , wet or organic compost can be used by landfill, the rubbish on the ground for a certain period of time to decompose .
3 . combustion
This method can dilakuakn only for waste that can be burned to the ground .
4 . Sanitary Landfill
This method is similar to the buildup , but the basin that has been filled up trash covered the ground , but this method requires a very broad specialty areas .
5 . Food and Feed .
Garbage in the form of fruits and vegetables that have not been fully damaged can be fodder or other animals bred .
6 . landfill
This type of waste management is to throw trash on the ground and accumulate in low areas that are open .
7 . Pulverisation
Pulverisation is a method of waste disposal directly into the sea after crushed into small pieces .
8 . Open dumping
Open dumping is a technique or method of waste management is conducted in a landfill simply by piling garbage dihamparan large land and then not do special management .
9 . Incineration / Incinerator
Incineration is a waste incineration method either with a simple and modern way to mass . This technology allows the results of the combustion energy is converted into electrical energy .
SOURCE
http://ardansirodjuddin.wordpress.com/2008/08/05/pemanfaatan-sampah/
http://kutablang15.blogspot.com/2010/10/jenis-jenis-sampah.html
http://zaifbio.wordpress.com/2010/01/25/korelasi-antara-pengetahuan-dan-sikap-masyarakat-terhadap-pemilahan-sampah-kering-dan-basah-di-desa-pendem-kecamatan-junrejo-kota-batu/

understanding and kind Sanitation and Hygiene

understanding and kind Sanitation and Hygiene
There is a saying " Men Sana in corpore Sano " , which means a healthy body , there will be a healthy soul . But still there are many people who are sick and usually because their lifestyle is not good and bad habits that can weaken and damage the body .Subject health is fairly easy to understand, but there are still many people who are sick due to lack of knowledge of the meaning of health or because of negligence .In the service of all the necessary requirements were ready , such as accommodation services , restaurant , bar , fitness center , transportation , etc. . All of these facilities are not only display quality , taste the cuisine , the comfort , but also a very important factor is the convenience and certainty regarding hygiene or guarantees to suit the purpose of the health facilities for survival is the "hygiene and sanitation " ( health and hygiene ) . To manage the entire facility must be offered in a professional manner in accordance with the applicable rules of health , so that service users get the pleasures himself with a health guarantee .In the end it came to pass in the hotel business , restaurant and catering competition in quality or service quality that includes hygiene as health insurance .
B. Hygiene
The word "hygiene " is derived from the Greek word meaning knowledge to establish and maintain health ( Streeth , JA and Taylor, HA , 1986) . In the history of Greece , Hygiene derived from the name of a goddess that is Hygea ( Goddess of disease prevention ) . Another meaning of Hygiene there are some that are essentially the same :
1 . Science which teaches ways to maintain physical health , spiritual and social well-being to achieve a higher level .
2 . A disease prevention efforts that focus on the health of individuals or human beings and their environment where the person is located.
3 . Circumstances in which a person , food , work or safety equipment ( healthy ) and free of pollution caused by bacteria , insects , or other animals .
4 . According to Brownell , hygine is how to maintain and protect the health of people .
5 . According Gosh , hygiene is a health science that covers all factors that help / encourage a healthy life both individually and through the community .
6 . According to Prescott , hygiene involves two aspects:
Relating to individuals ( personal hygiene)
Regarding the environment ( environment)
Hygiene is a concept related to medicine as well as to personal and professional care practices related to most aspects of living although it is most Often associated with cleanliness and Preventative Measures .
In the food industry / catering , application hgiene high standards in food processing needs to be done to be able to produce food that is safe for consumption . Safe means free from the things that harm , harm and free from damage .
C. Sanitation
Definition of sanitation there are some which are:
1 . Sanitation is a disease prevention efforts that focus on the business activities of the health of the human environment .
2 . Efforts to keep that person's maintenance , food , work , or equipment that hygienic ( healthy ) and free of pollution caused by bacteria , insects , or other animals .
3 . According Dr.Azrul Anwar , MPH , sanitary surveillance society is the way that focuses on the oversight of various environmental factors that may affect the health of society .
4 . According to Ehler & Steel , sanitation is the prevention od diseases by Eliminating or controlling the environmental factors roomates from links in the chain of tansmission .
5 . According to Hopkins , sanitation is a way of monitoring the environmental factors that have an influence on the environment .
From some of the above , it can be concluded that the reference to sanitation is a business that emphasizes disease prevention activities to the efforts of human environmental health . While hygiene is how people maintain and also protect themselves in order to stay healthy .
So in this case addressed to environmental sanitation , hygiene while addressed to the person .
Sanitation : prevenif health business to business activities that emphasize the health of the human environment .
Hygiene : preventive health efforts focus its activities to the individual health business , personal life and health of human effort .
Some of the benefits we can feel if we keep sanitation in our environment , for example :
Preventing infectious diseases
prevent accidents
Prevents odor
avoid contamination
Reducing the number ( percentage sick )
Environment to be clean , healthy and comfortable
D. Scope of Hygiene and Sanitation
Scope of Hygiene
Hygiene issues can not be separated from the problem of sanitation , and the food processing activities carried out sanitation and hygiene problems together . Hygienic practices , clean work very helpful in processing food clean anyway .
The scope of hygiene include :
1 . personal hygiene
2 . Hygiene of food and drinks
Scope of Sanitation
By understanding the meaning of sanitation is one that emphasizes disease prevention activities to the efforts of human environmental health . In the Health Act 23 of 1992 section 22 states that environmental health is held to realize the quality of a healthy environment , which can be done through increasing environmental sanitation , both concerning the place or the shape or form of the substantive form of physical , chemical , including changes in behavior or biological .
The quality of a healthy environment is the state of the environment that is free from the risk of harm to the health and safety of human life , through settlement among other houses and dormitories or the like , through the work environment between multiple offices and industrial areas or similar . While efforts should be made in protecting and maintaining the health of the environment is an object of sanitary covers all the places we live / work such as : kitchen , restaurant , parks , public areas , offices , home and so on.
From the description above it can be concluded that the scope of sanitation activities at the hotel include the following aspects :
1 . Provision of clean water / drinking water ( water supply )
Include the following :
Oversight of the quality and quantity
water use
Diseases transmitted through water
ways of processing
How to maintenance
2 . Waste management ( refuse disposal )
Include the following :
How / disposal system
Disposal of equipment and how to use them and how they are maintained
3 . Food and beverage processing ( food sanitation )
Include the following :
procurement of food ingredients / raw materials
Storage of food ingredients / raw materials
food processing
Transportation of food
food Storage
Presentation of food
4 . Supervision / control of insects and rodents ( insect and rodent control )
Covers how to control vector
5 . Covers occupational health and safety matters as follows :

    Place / workspace
    job
    How it works
    Labor / worker

sense - the sense of beauty in some countries

sense - the sense of beauty in some countriessense - the sense of beauty according to some beautiful country is very desirable for every woman ever to understand more details on the challenge can see there is a beautiful post below from various countries :

    Japan .
    In Japan , the skin is the key to beauty . Women in Japan have soft & beautiful skin with no scars , especially on their face . This is because Japanese women like to consume foods and beverages that contain collagen . In Japan , collagen is very easy to find in supermarkets , even many restaurants that provide meals that contain collagen . Their goal is to consume collagen in order to keep their skin smooth , because collagen is the major protein that make up 75 % of skin area and serves to provide strength and smoothness to the skin . Caucasian woman in Japan is fine , but still not feel complete without the straight hair , straight hair because it is considered beautiful in Japan , and most Japanese women hairs were indeed straight . Straight hair is likened to a beautiful girl in Japan .
    Taboo .
    In Burma and Thailand , members of the Kayan tribe begin their beauty rituals from a young age . At the age of 5 years , they 've put a circular bracelet around his neck . The neck bracelets continue to be added along with their growth , and it makes them more long neck like a giraffe 's neck . For them , a long neck with a bracelet that shines is a sign of their position and grandeur . Heavy bracelet neck can reach 22 pounds or about 10.5 pounds .
    India .
    Definition of Female Beauty in India mix turmeric , lemon , and honey to rub into their skin , in the days of celebrations such as weddings or family events . They always wear jewelry , and brightly colored clothes and a red mark on their foreheads at certain moments . Red mark on their foreheads called kumkum and they think it makes them more menarik.Hampir around the world know , that women in India have beautiful skin and hair , and it has been helping women in the United States ( U.S. ) who want to lengthen their hair with a hair clamp technique . What do beautiful hair in India with the women in the U.S. ? Approximately 25 % of false hair in the U.S. come from the results of the sacrifice of the women in India . The women in India sacrifice their hair for Hindu religious ceremonies , and they believe that they really like the hair gods . The Hindu Temple of automated arrival of a lot of hair , then, do all the hair ? The hair turns out they are selling to the market , and profit as much as 18 million dollars per year ( $ 1 = U.S. $ 10,340 ) . an expert hairdresser said that the quality is the best quality Indian hair .
    Iran .
    For women in Iran , beauty is to have tiny sharp nose . The women in Iran are very happy with the beautiful , petite nose , because in Iran women usually wear clothes that cover the body from head to toe , except the face . But the question is " Does everyone have a beautiful nose and petite ? " the answer is " No. " Indeed most women in Iran have a big nose , and therefore , they are willing to do everything they can to fix their noses . Usually they do surgery to beautify their noses , and therefore , the state of Iran is the country with the largest number of nose jobs in the world . It turns out that in addition to beauty, they also determine the status or position , and they usually wear some sort of plaster on their noses as a sign that they have nose surgery . The funny thing is , a lot of women in Iran who wears nose tape even though they do not perform surgery .
    Brazil
    Brazil is the largest consuming a diet pill in the world , because the women in Brazil wants to have a slim body . In addition to eating a diet pill , brazil women also love fitness and perform surgery . Just as women in Iran who likes to do nose surgery , Brazilian women also often perform plastic surgery . Plastic surgery in Brazil is the largest plastic surgery in the world , to the point that many magazines in Brazil that specifically discusses plastic surgery . Operation and beauty is very important in Brazil and strangely , you can perform operations in Brazil in installments / credit , so you will not be surprised the poor can also operating in Brazil . Brazilian women have spent three quarters of his salary just for beauty treatments .
    Indonesia
    Secret Beauty in Indonesia is slim . In Indonesia there is a post- pregnant body slimming method using stagen . Stagen wrapped around the body , to suppress stomach and large waist after pregnancy . Wearing stagen make the wearer feel a little sick , because of the pressure exerted stagen hard enough .

understanding and kind Mobilization

understanding and kind Mobilization
    A. Definition of Mobilization

    Mobilization is the ability to move freely , regularly to meet the needs of healthy living to independence Mobilization : Early mobilization is wisdom guiding patients as soon as possible to get out of bed and walking as soon as possible to guide him ( Soelaiman , 1993) . According to Carpenito ( 2000) , early mobilization is an important aspect in the physiological function because it is essential to maintain independence . Both of these definitions can be concluded that early mobilization is an effort to maintain independence as early as possible by guiding the patient to maintain physiological function . The concept of early mobilization - originally derived from an early ambulation returns gradually - gradually to earlier mobilization stage to prevent complications ( Roper , 1996)

    Mobilization is divided into 2 , namely :

    1 . Namely active exercise on bones and joints that can be done alone without the help of perawata or family
    2 . Passive is a passive mobilization exercises given to clients who experience muscle weakness in the form of an arm or leg muscle exercise on bones and joints where the client can not do it alone , so clients need assistance or family caregivers . Passive mobilization should be done since the first day the client is not allowed to leave the bed or clients who rarely moves resulting in stiffness in the muscles , so in this case the passive mobilization

    B. Benefits Mobilization

     Maintain the flexibility of the spine and sendis
     Guard against the fragility tulangs
     Increase strength otots

C. - Things To Look For In Mobilization

     Consider the general state of the patient , whether to feel fatigue , dizziness or kecapaians
     Make sure the rings and jewelery removed to prevent swelling and lukas
     Make sure the clothes in a state longgars
     Do not do to people with broken tulangs
     Do not do physical exercise as soon as the patient makans
     Use the correct body movements to avoid strain or injury to the sufferers
     Use the power with a comfortable grip when doing latihans
     Movement of body parts smoothly , quietly and beriramas
     Avoid movements that are too sulits
     If a seizure during exercise , hentikans
     If there is stiffness in the local press that stiff , continue training with perlahans

D. Movement - movement mobilization

 1 . Hold the movement of the shoulder and elbow sufferers a hand movement , and lift shoulder-width apart , rotate outward and dalams Put your hands on the head of the movement in the elbow , then back to position awals
 Hand movements with the arm closer towards the body , until hands reach lains

2 . Create a movement of the elbow angle of 90 0 to the last movement of the arm above the elbow and down to make the movement a half lingkarans arm movement by bending your elbows close to dagus

3 . Hold the patient's hand movements such as shaking hands , and turn your wrist tangans hand movement while bending bawahs hand to hand movement while bending the hand keatass
4 . Turn the movement of the fingers of the hand fingers persatus In doing thumb movement away from the index finger and closer , and then hold the finger - a different finger .

5 . Hold the movement of the foot below the ankle and knee and lift up to 30 o and putars
 Movement by bending the knee to 90 feet and hold your os kekaki Lift one foot and then move menjauhs Turn to preformance and to luars Perform an emphasis on the soles out and kedalams toes bend - bend and in turn

6 . Hold the patient's neck movement and the movement of the left cheek and neck movement kekanans bend forward and backward

      Source: Erb , Kozier , Olivier . , 1997. Fundamental Of Nursing , Concept , Process and Practice , Fourth Edition , Addison Wesley , S

Free Radicals & ; antioxidants

Free Radicals & ; antioxidantsFree Radicals
Free radicals are defined as atoms / molecules / compounds containing one or more unpaired electrons . Because of chemical , molecular unpaired , free radicals tend to react with a molecule of the cell body . Then the compounds cause abnormal ( free radical new, more reactive ) and start a chain reaction that can damage vital cells . Some parts of the body that are susceptible to free radical attack , among others ; damage DNA , cell membranes , proteins , lipid peroxide , and autoimmune human aging process . In the medical field , it is known that free radicals are the culprit various pathological conditions such as liver disease , coronary heart disease , cancer , diabetes , cataracts , heart disease , and premature aging processes .
Examples of free radicals are superoxide ( O2 - ) , hydroxyl ( OH - ) , nitrous oxide ( NO ) , hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) , hypochlorous acid ( HOCl ) , Thill ( RS - ) and others . The degree of strength of each different free radicals , and the most dangerous compounds are hydroxyl radical ( OH - ) because it has the highest reactivity . Free radicals present in the body over a variety of ways , but generally arise due to a variety of biochemical processes in the body , a byproduct of the process of cell oxidation or combustion takes place at a time breathing , cell metabolism , excessive exercise , inflammation , or when the body is exposed environmental pollutants such as car exhaust , cigarette smoke , pollutants and solar radiation .
antioxidants
Based on the above explanation, it means our bodies are highly susceptible to free radical attack , especially from free radicals in the body's natural and environmental pollution . But why not all of us get diseases that harm the body ?
This is because of the presence of neutralizing free radicals in our bodies or are called antioxidants . These antioxidants will stop the chain reaction of free radicals in the body depends on the type of antioxidant . Primary antioxidants will work to prevent the formation of new free radicals by converting free radicals into molecules that have less negative impact . Examples of primary antioxidants are Superoxide Dismustase ( SOD ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) , and metal -binding proteins . The second is a secondary antioxidant which works by mengkhelat metal that acts as a pro - oxidant , capturing radicals and prevent the occurrence of a chain reaction . For example : Vitamin E , Vitamin C , b -carotene . And lastly tertiary antioxidants that work to repair the damage caused by free radicals biomolecules . Examples of enzymes that repair DNA and methionine reductase sulfosida .
That is why our bodies are still healthy even though very susceptible to free radical attack at every second . And that should continue to be considered is the supply of antioxidants in the body must be available in sufficient quantities . For that antioxidant supplements from outside is needed to prevent the ill effects of free radicals .
But you should not worry too much , beyond antioxidant supplements in question here does not merely mean synthetic supplements or supplement the results of human products that are sold on the market such as butylated hydroxyanisole , vitamin supplements , minerals , food supplements or polyphenols are widely available in beverage products . because basically consciously or unconsciously , every day you have to consume antioxidants . Various antioxidants have been found naturally mainly in vegetables , fruits , spices , and a little in animal products .
Natural antioxidantsHere are some plants that potentially contains natural antioxidants and is all around us :plantKind of Efficacious AntioxidantsVegetablesBroccoli , Cabbage , Radish , Carrots , Tomatoes , Spinach , Chili , Beans , Pare , Leunca , Corn , Kale , takokak , CucumberFruitsGrapes , Avocado , Orange , Kiwi , Watermelon , Passion Fruit , Apple , Carambola , Papaya , CoconutspiceGinger , Ginger , Turmeric , galangal , Temumangga , Temuputih , Powder , Cardamom , Bangle , temugiring , Pepper , Clove , Nutmeg , Tamarind , Kandis acidother plantsTea , Sweet Potato , Soybean , Potato , Keluwak , Yellow Pumpkin , Pete China

         Source: Hernani and Mono Rahardjo (2006 )
From the above table it is known that a lot of plants that we eat every day contain antioxidants . The antioxidant compounds scattered in various parts of plants such as roots , stems , bark , twigs , leaves , flowers , fruits , and seeds . This natural antioxidant function as a reducing agent , suppressing singlet oxygen , free radical trapper , and as metal chelators . Chemically natural antioxidants found in plants is mainly derived from the class of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids derivatives , derivatives hidroksiamat acid compound , coumarin , tocopherol and organic acids .
The antioxidant activity of various plants above are estimated to have moderate to high strength . Some plant extracts that have been known to have high antioxidant activity , among others from the class of spices such as clove extract , ginger , turmeric , ginger , cinnamon , and nutmeg . Then offcinalis Rosmarinus flower extract , cayenne extract , tea leaf , leaf god , red fruit is also known to have high antioxidant activity . Especially for spices , antioxidant activity of dried spices are generally more active than fresh herbs .
REFERENCES
Dinna Sofia . , 2005. Adan Antioxidants Free Radicals . ACID Magazine , State University of Lampung Edisis III / Year V / May 2005 , ISSN : 1410-1858 . Lampung
Fesenden and Fesenden . , 1982. Organic Chemistry Volume 2 . Erland . Jakarta
Hernani and Mono Rahardjo . , 2006. Antioxidants Efficacious plants . Self spreader . Jakarta
Online Mind . , 2008. Antioxidants , Antiaging Din Magical Substances