definition and types of Learning Media

definition and types of Learning Media
Derived from the Latin media is the plural of " medium " which literally means " Intermediary " or " Introduction " is an intermediary or an introductory message to the recipient the message source . Some experts provide a definition of instructional media . Schramm (1977 ) suggested that learning media is the messenger of technology that can be used for learning purposes .
Meanwhile , Briggs (1977 ) argues that learning is a means of physical media to convey the content / learning materials such as books , movies , videos and so on . Meanwhile , the National Education Associaton (1969 ) revealed that instructional media are a means of communication in the form of print and point of view heard , including technology hardware . Of the three above opinion concluded that instructional media is anything that can deliver the message , to stimulate thoughts , feelings , and the willingness of the students so as to encourage the creation of learning process in self-learners .
Brown ( 1973) revealed that instructional media are used in learning activities can affect the effectiveness of learning . At first , the media only serves as a learning tool for teachers to use is visual aids . Around mid-century attempt to use visual -20 fitted with the use of audio tools , thus was born the audio - visual aids . In line with the development of science and technology ( Science and Technology ) , particularly in the fields of education , current use of tools or instructional media are becoming increasingly widespread and interactive , such as computers and the Internet .

    * There are various types of learning media , including :

    Visual Media :
In visual media outreach activities can be defined in various terms including the following :
Ø Something that can help farmers to beljar through sight .
Ø The tool can display the material extension through sentences , images / pictures, sounds , movements , or other symbols that look .
Ø extension tool that can help to convey the material so that farmers can understand , comprehend and remember the material presented extension .
Example : graphs , diagrams , charts , charts , posters , cartoons , comics .
Utilization of visual media
Used in accordance with the topic and shown or disclosed to the target , either at the time the message penyampaiaan lasted well after the fact and after the message conveyed . With the steps .
- Choose an object as the topic of the message.
- Select a message
- Messaging made ​​striking
- Made a brief message .

    Media Audial :
Characteristics of Audio Media Audio Media is putting the media feed the sense of hearing . Ak messages delivered can be poured into an emblem - lamabang auditory , verbal (words ) and non -verbal ( sound effect ) . Which includes audio media include radio and audio cassettes . Program audio ( cassette ) teramsuk one medium that is wellknown to the village level .
Utilization Media Audio
· Use of Media Slide
· Preparation
· Placement of screens , projectors , and Students
· Left or right whiteboard
· Projector perpendicular to the screen . The size of the image terganting distance .
· Arrange student seating
· Adjust the projector and tape recorder votage
· Cassette tape recorder or adjacent to the projector
· Connect the projector and tape the power source

    Audio-visual media :
· Use of Media
· Before the screening program
1 . Program prepares students to pay attention to the road giving stimuli and focus their attention via comments or questions .
2 . Teachers can prepare students to take to heart in a way ;
- Creating a cool room atmosphere , for example by closing doors and glass windows were given ( curtain ) so that students can be more focused on programs .
- Invite students to listen quietly and politely and focused on programs .
- Preparing students to pay attention to the program by giving stimuli and focus their attention via comments or questions .
· At the moment the program playback
1 . Teachers and students should be in their respective places , and not running back and forth to distract the attention of students who are devoted to programs that listen
2 . Students should note parts or things that are less / not clear / not understood to be asked / discussed after the program ends
3 . Tasks ( if any ) in accordance with the commands in the program .

History of Man

History of ManHumans in the natural world and the unique role that can be viewed in many ways . In humans the exact sciences in view as a collection of atomic particles that make up a network system that is owned by humans human is a collection of baerbagai physical systems are interlinked with each other and is a collection of energy , humans are biological creatures that belong to the mammalian organism . In the social sciences is mahlik man who wants to make a profit or always wanted to account for any activity , humans are social creatures that can not stand alone beings who always want to have the political power , being cultured
Human or person can be interpreted differently depending on the biological , spiritual , and istilahkebudayaan , or in a mixture .
Biologically , humans are classified as Homo sapiens (Latin for humans ) , a primate species of mammal groups include highly skilled brain . In terms of spirituality , they are described using the concept of a varied life where , in religion , understood in conjunction with the power of God or living beings ; in myth , they also often compared to other races . In cultural anthropology , they are described by penggunaanbahasanya , their organization in a pluralistic society and the development of technology , and especially by the ability to form groups and institutions to support one another and help .
Classification is the most important human based on their gender . Naturally , the sex of a newborn child whether male or female . Children younger men known as men and men as men . The young boy known as female and adult women as women .
Penggolonganlainnya is based on age , ranging from fetuses , infants , toddlers , children , adolescents , akilbalik , youth / i , adult , and ( the ) old .
In addition there are many other classifications , based on physical characteristics ( skin color , hair , eyes to nose ; height ) , an affiliate of socio - political - religious ( religion / belief XYZ , XYZ citizens , party members XYZ ) , kinship ( family : immediate family , extended family , step-families , adoptive families , foster families ; friends ; enemies ) and so forth .
Heart and awareness
Subjective experience of an individual centered around consciousness , self-consciousness or the mind , allowing the perception of its own existence and of the passage of time . Consciousness gives rise to the perception of free will , although some believe that free will is illusory misleading perfect , restricted or eliminated by determining the fate or social ataubiologis . The human heart consciousness expanded outward , covering a total mental and emotional aspects of the individual . Psikologimempelajari knowledge of the human heart ( psyche ) , especially the subconscious ( unconscious ) . The practice of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freudmencoba designed by exposing part of the subconscious . Arrange themselves into a human Freud Ego , Superego , and Id . Carl Gustav Jungmemperkenalkan collective unconscious thoughts / joint and a process pengindividuan , poured doubts as to the accuracy of defining individuals ' which means ' .
Philosophy in Historical Perspective
1 . Pre Ages Ancient Greece
Ranged from four million years to 20,000 years BC , also known as the stone age , because at that time people still use stones as tools . Later in the 15th century until 6 BC , humans have found iron , copper and silver for a variety of equipment , which was first used in Iraq . In the 6th century BC in Greek philosophy was born , called the Greek miracle . Some of the factors that precede the birth of philosophy in Greece , namely :
a. Greek mythology
b . Greek literature
c . The influence of science at that time had reached the Ancient East .
2 . Ages of Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece is the beginning of the revival of philosophy in general , because the answer to the problems surrounding the ratio and leave the mythology or superstitious beliefs are irrational . Furthermore , When Athens was led by Pericles politics and philosophy can thrive. Last Age of Hellenism , referred to as the golden age of Greek culture , with a meritorious figure is Alexander the Great ( 356-323 BC ) of Macedonia , one of the disciples of Aristotle .
3 . Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages , the philosophy of devoting attention to metaphysical problems . When it is difficult to tell which is which philosophy and the church . While the period of modern history has generally called mental point of view that differ in many ways , especially the fading authority of the church , while the authority of science is getting stronger . I draw this conclusion , that the medieval era is meant for philosophers , especially for European thinkers of the century , is close to a religion , especially Christianity . Because the medieval era and a major figure of the greatest church father of the Patristic age is Aurelius Augustine ( 354-430 ) he was born in thagaste , in Numedia , north africa . And after it is grown kezaman scholastic Thomas Aquinas ( 1225-1274 ) .
4 . Modern Ages
The period begins with the advent of modern philosophy renaissance XV and XVI century AD , which intends regenerates classical Greco- Roman culture . The main problem of the renaissance period , as the scholastic period , is a synthesis of religion and philosophy in a different direction . Renaissance era marked by the outpouring of attention in various fields of humanity , both as individuals and social . Among philosophers of the renaissance period was Francis Bacon ( 1561-1626 ) . He argued that philosophy should be separated from theology . Although he believes that the reasoning can demonstrate God's , but he considers that characterized everything else in theology can only be known by revelation , revelation while entirely dependent on reasoning . This shows that Bacon was among those who justify the concept of double truth ( double truth ) , that is the truth of reason and revelation . The peak period of the renaissance era appearing on Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is regarded as the Father of Modern Philosophy and pioneer Rationalism flow . Arguments brought forward aiming to escape the confines of the church . This is evident in the motto " cogito ergo sum " ( I think therefore I am ) . This statement is very well known in the development of modern thought , as it raised the rate and degree of thought as an indication of the existence of every individual . In this case , the philosophy of re- gained glory and defeat the role of religion , because the ratio of men to obtain the truth .
Then came the flow of empiricism , with its main pioneers , Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke ( 1632-1704 ) . Empiricism flow found coming from the introduction of knowledge and experience , both inner and outer experience . It also emphasizes the flow of sensory recognition as a form of perfect introduction . In the middle of the bells gempitanya thought of rationalism and empiricism , a new idea emerged in the UK , which later evolved to France and finally to Germany . This period is known as Aufklarung or Enlightenment or Enlightenment eighteenth century formulated century AD In the presence of separation ratio of religion , sense apart from the confines of the church , so that Voltaire (1694-1778) referred to it as the age of reason ( age reasoning ) . As one consequence is a rapidly growing supremacy ratio which in turn encouraged the development of philosophy and science . Nonetheless , in the era thinkers Aufklarung anyone concerned religion , namely David Hume ( 1711-1776 ) . According to him , religion was born from the hopes and fears ( hopes and human suffering ) . Religion evolved through the process of the original , which is polytheistic , monotheistic religion that . Then Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) fought against the dominance of the materialistic century enlightenment and atheists . He opposed the rationalism that made ​​life barren . He is known for his motto retournous a la nature ( back to state of origin ) , which re- establish intimacy with nature .Other figures are Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804 ) . Other idealism figure is George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( 1770-1831 ) .
His philosophy is known with absolute idealism which is monistic , that is all that there is a form of mind which one , the absolute sense ( absolute mind ) .
Positivism of Auguste Comte tried to develop into a religion or as a substitute for religion . This is evidenced by the establishment of Positive Societies in various places that worships humanity instead of worshiping God . Subsequent developments of this genre that gave birth to stream content and relying on facts that are material , known as Materialism .Materialism is Feurbach flow figures ( 1804-1872 ) . He stated that human belief in God is actually derived from the human desire to feel unhappy . Then , create a human Being can be used as a beacon of hope is God , so that Feuerbach stated theology should be replaced with anthropology . Materialism is another character stream Karl Marx (1820-1883) who oppose all forms of spiritualism . He along with Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) builds on the ideas of communism with a manifesto of communism in 1848 . Karl Marx's view that man is free , not bound by the transcendental . Human life is determined by the material . Religion as a projection of the human will , not from the unseen world . The period of modern philosophy in the West indicated a shift , all forms of domination of the church , the clergy and the assumption that scripture as the only source of knowledge was ravaged . Thus , it can be said that the modern age is an age in retaliation against the scholastic era dominated church .
5 . Contemporary Ages
Contemporary Western philosophy ( twentieth century ) is very heterogeneous . This is due partly because of greater professionalism . Many specialist philosopher is a specialized field such as mathematics , physics , psychology , sociology , or economics . Another important thing worth noting is that in the twentieth century old ideas revived . For example , Neotomisme , Neokantianisme , Neopositivisme , and so on . At this time France , Britain , and Germany remain the countries most forward in philosophy . Generally , people share this philosophy to be philosophy konttrental period ( French and German ) ; and philosophy Anglosakson ( UK ) . The most important streams are growing and influential in the twentieth century is pragmatism , vitalism , phenomenology , existentialism , analytic philosophy ( philosophy of language ) , structuralism , and postmodernism .

 Pragmatism teaches that the truth is what the consequences bermanfat practical . Thus , pragmatism is the benchmark for the benefit of practical life . Mystical truth is accepted , as long as practically useful . The most important characters is William James (1842-1910) and John Dewey ( 1859-1952 ) . 
 Vitalism of the view that the activities of living organisms is driven by power or vital principle with different physical forces , where everything can be analyzed mathematically . Vitalism is the most important figure of the French philosopher Henri Bergson ( 1859-1941 ) .

Respiratory System Anatomy understanding of the human body

Respiratory System Anatomy understanding of the human body1 . . RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  Humans need oxygen suply continuously for cellular respiration process , and remove excess carbon dioxide as a toxic waste product of prosestersebut.Pertukatan between oxygen with carbon dioxide gas is done so that the process of respiration selterus underway . Oxygen is needed for the process of cellular respiration is derived dariatmosfer , which provides oxygen gas content as much as 21 % of all gas yangada . Oxygen into the body through the mediation of a respirator that are outside . In humans , the alveoli are found in the lungs where the exchange serves as permukaanuntuk gas.Jalannya Air Breathing .
1 . Air enters through the nostrils
2 . passes through the nasopharynx
3 . passing oralfarink
4 . passing gloti
5 . entered into trake
6 . entry into the so-called branching trachea bronchus .
7 . entered into branching bronchi called bronchioles
8 . ends at the end of the bronchus air bubbles form called alveoli .
2 . INDRAA SYSTEM .
a. Sense of Sight
Visual apparatus consists of eyeballs, optic nerve , and additional tools mata.Bola eyes are round , just bidangdepannya anomalous bolasempurna because menonjolke cornea over the front . This happens because the part of the other parts lebihmelengkung ball mata.Titik front and center field areas belakangdinamakan polar front and rear lines connecting the polar axis is the axis of the eye or the eye can be distinguished penglihat.Bola walls and contents . The walls consist of three layers . Lapisluar is hard membrane , which is in front shifted to cornea . Tengahdinamakan layered membrane that lines the choroid tough membrane from the inside . Forward selaputkoroid not follow the cornea . At the transition point the choroid and iris membranes are thicker shape and is known as the ciliary body .
b . Sense of Hearing
Hearing aids consist of a listener outside , the listener and the listener dalam.Pendengar middle outer ear consists of leaves danliang outer ear . Sebuahlipatan earlobe skin is prone kupingkenyal order form . The outside of the outer ear canal berdindingrawan , the interior has dindingtulang . To the inner lining of the ear canal outside dibatasioleh gendangan.Pendengar gendangan the central cavity consists of a cavity gendangan associated with pharyngitis melaluitabung listeners Eustachian
3 . Digestive System
The digestive system is made ​​up of layers of horn cells flattened , while the innermost layer is called the seed layer which always makes epithelial cells baru.Kulit hides a connective tissue containing blood vessels - nerves dansaraf .
4 . SYSTEM Ekskresi
Humans have an organ or tools that serve excretion hasilmetabolisme dispose of waste products . Substance is the rest of the waste products of metabolism demolition nutrients , for example : carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , water ( H20 ) , ammonia ( NH3 ) , urea and dyes empedu.Zat the metabolic waste is no longer useful to the body and should dikeluarkankarena are toxic and can cause disease .
5 . NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system is a coordinate system ( setting body ) form impulsaraf delivery to the central nervous system , nerve impulses and processing orders to give tanggapanrangsangan . The smallest unit of work implementation of the nervous system are nerve cells or nerves neuronCara Openness Work .
SOURCE
Anonymous . 2010.http :/ / klikbelajar.com / lesson - school / teaching - biology / human - nervous - system / . Online 11 April 2011Staff LIPI.2010.http :/ / www.bit.lipi.go.id / pangankesehatan / documents / artikel_kolesterol / system peredaran_darah_dan_sistem_ekskresi.pdf Online 11 April

understanding and treatment of Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) according to the experts

understanding and treatment of Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) according to the experts
A. Definition of diabetes mellitus ( DM )

            Diabetes mellitus , DM (Greek : διαβαίνειν , diabaínein , translucent or shower water ) (Latin : mellitus , sweet taste ) , also known in Indonesia by the term sugar urine disease is a disorder caused by many factors metabolisyang , with simtoma form of chronic hyperglycemia and impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins , as a result of :
1 . deficiency of insulin secretion , insulin activity , or both .
2 . glucose transporter deficiency .
3 . or both .
Various diseases , syndromes and can be triggered by diabetesmellitus simtoma , such as: Alzheimer's , ataxia - telangiectasia , sindromDown , penyakitHuntington , mitochondrial disorders , distrofimiotonis , penyakitParkinson , sindromPrader - Willi , sindromWerner , sindromWolfram , leukoaraiosis , dementia , hypothyroidism , hyperthyroidism , hypogonadism , and others.

    B. Common symptoms
v simtoma hyperglycemia further induce three other classic symptoms :
- Polyuria - frequent urination .
- Polydipsia - always feel thirsty
- Polifagia - always feeling hungry
- Weight loss , often only in diabetes mellitus type 1
v and after long-term without adequate treatment , can lead to a variety of chronic complications , such as :
- Disorders of the eye with the potential result in blindness ,
- Disorders of the kidney to result in renal failure
- Cardiovascular disorders , accompanied by basement membrane lesions that can be identified by examination using electron microscopy .
- Disorders of the nervous system to autonomic nerve dysfunction , foot ulcers , amputation , Charcot joint and sexual dysfunction .
v and other symptoms such as dehydration , ketoacidosis , ketonuria and hyperosmolar non - ketotic which can result in stupor and coma .
- Rentanterhadap infection .
v The word diabetes mellitus itself refers simtoma called glycosuria , or diabetes , which occurs when the patient does not get treatment immediately .

    C. Classification

    The World Health Organization ( WHO ) classifies forms of diabetes mellitus based care and simtoma :
1 . Type 1 diabetes , which include simtoma ketoacidosis until the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas that caused or cause autoimmunity , and are idiopathic . Diabetes mellitus with unclear pathogenesis , such as cystic fibrosis or mitochondrial deficiency , not included in this classification .
2 . Type 2 diabetes , which is caused by a deficiency of insulin secretion , often accompanied by insulin resistance syndrome
3 . Gestational diabetes , which includes gestational impaired glucose tolerance , and gestational diabetes mellitus GIGT , GDM .
* And according to clinical stage without consideration of the pathogenesis , made ​​into :
1 . Insulin requiring for survivaldiabetes , as in the case of C - peptide deficiency .
2 . Insulin requiring for controldiabetes . At this stage , endogenous insulin secretion is not sufficient to achieve normoglicemia symptoms , if not accompanied by additional hormones from outside the body .
3 . Not insulin requiring diabetes .
Four classes are similar to the clinical stage classification of IDDM (English : insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus ) , while the fifth and sixth stages are members of the classification of NIDDM (English : non- insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus ) . IDDM and NIDDM is a classification that is listed on the International Nomenclature of Diseases in 1991 and the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases in 1992 .
Malnutrion - related classification of diabetes mellitus , MRDM , no longer used because , although malnutrition can affect the expression of several types of diabetes , has so far not found evidence that malnutrition or protein deficiency can lead to diabetes . MRDM subtypes ; Protein - deficient pancreatic diabetes mellitus , PDPDM , PDPD , PDDM , is still regarded as a form of malnutrition that is induced by diabetes mellitus and requires further research . Whereas other subtypes , Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes , FCPD , classified as exocrine pancreatic disease in Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy trajectory that induces diabetes mellitus .
Classification of Impaired Glucose Tolerance , IGT , now defined as the stage of defective glucose regulation , as can be observed in all types of aberration hiperglisemis . But no longer considered a diabetic .
Classification of Impaired Fasting Glycaemia , IFG , was introduced as the ratio simtoma fasting blood sugar is higher than the upper limit of the normal range , but still below the ratio defined as the basis of a diagnosis of diabetes .

    D. Cause
In general melittus diabetes caused by damage to a small part or most of the beta cells of the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas that produce insulin function , resulting in insulin deficiency .
Besides melittus diabetes can also occur due to interference with the function of insulin in glucose enter into the cells . The disorder may occur due to obesity or other reasons as yet unknown
1 . Diabetes Type I :
- Genetic factors
Diabetics are not inherited type I diabetes itself ; but inherit a genetic predisposition or tendency toward the occurrence of diabetes mellitus type I. Genetic predisposition is found in individuals who have HLA antigen type .
- Immunological Factors
The presence of an autoimmune response in which antibodies directed an abnormal response to normal tissue of the body by way of reacting to such networks are considered as if they were foreign tissue . Ie autoantibodies against islet cells of Langerhans and endogenous insulin .
- Environmental factors
Virus or toxin may trigger certain autoimmune process that causes destruction selbeta .
2 . Diabetes Type II
The exact mechanism that leads to insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion in Type II diabetes is still unknown . Genetic factors play a role in the development of insulin resistance .
- Risk factors :
a. Age ( insulin resistance tends to increase at the age of 65 years )
b . obesity
c . family historyE. ComplicationsLong-term complications include cardiovascular disease ( double the risk ) , chronic renal failure ( the main cause of dialysis ) , retinal damage which can lead to blindness , and nerve damage that can cause impotence and gangrene with risk of amputation . More serious complications more common when poor control of blood sugar levels .- Diabetic ketoacidosisIn patients with type I diabetes , symptoms develop suddenly and can develop rapidly into a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis . Sugar levels in the blood is high , but because most of the cells can not use sugar without insulin , then these cells take energy from other sources . Fat cells are broken down and produces ketones , which is a toxic chemical compound that can cause the blood to become acidic ( ketoacidosis ) . Early symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis is thirst and frequent urination , nausea , vomiting , fatigue and abdominal pain ( especially in children ) . Breathing becomes deep and rapid as the body attempts to repair the blood acidity . Patient breath smells like acetone smell . Without treatment , diabetic ketoacidosis can develop into a coma , sometimes within just a few hours . Even after starting insulin therapy , type I diabetic ketoacidosis may develop if they miss a single injection of insulin or experiencing stress due to infection , accident or serious illness . Patients with type II diabetes may not show symptoms for several years . If more severe insulin deficiency , there arose a symptom of frequent urination and thirst . Rarely ketoacidosis . If blood sugar levels are very high ( up to more than 1,000 mg / dL , usually caused by stress such as infection or drugs ) , then the patient will experience severe dehydration , which can cause mental confusion , dizziness , seizures , and a condition called coma hyperglycemic - hyperosmolar non - ketotic .
G. LEARNING ACTIVITIES EXTENSION
In the extension of learning that is taking place or we will target extension in love as in RS , posiandu , and in places which can be convenient to provide counseling , so that people can receive it well. And preparing stages such extension ; The activity phase consisting of a preliminary phase ( introduction ) , stage presentation , and closing stages .
1 . preliminary stage
Is the preparation stage or early stage before entering the presentation of the material that will be taught . The extension phase Pd briefly describes the materials that will be conveyed . This stage is meant to mentally prepare participants to pay attention and study hard during the presentation phase . The introduction is usually 5-10 minutes , or 5 % of the time extension .
2 . stage presentation ( presentation) .
Which is the main process within counseling , therein included the following parts :
a. Description ( explanation) , both within the BTK verbal and non-verbal such as : the use of graphs , pictures , real objects , models , and or demonstrations motion .
b . Sample ( example ) and non- examples ( non example ) that the practical and concrete from the description that they are abstract concepts .
c . Exercise ( exercise) which is a practice for participants .
d . Most ( 80-90 % ) of the time extension activities used within this stage .
3 . closing phase (test and follow-up ) .
An extension is the final stage , this stage includes three activities , namely :
a. Implementation test results counseling , to be answered or done .
b . Feedback is information that the results of the test .
c . Follow-up reply in the form of clues about what to do next .
d . Concluding phase takes about 10-20 minutes , or 10-15 % of the time extension .
H. METHOD
The method used is the extension .
I. TOOL
The tools are in use such as leaflets and food samples .
J. EVALUATION
Evaluations or tests they will be asked to answer orally or done by participants who appointed . example :
For friends, adek - adek , and here are all the same let us learn ,
1 . Come mother there , what understanding of diabetes mellitus was ? .......
2 . Father there what is the cause of diabetes mellitus that? ........
3 . Sister were there any symptoms of diabetes mellitus that? ...
4 . Let there Adek , what ingredients can not be consumed by people with diabetes mellitus ? .....
5 . Come all , who could lift a hand yes , , , , how the classification of diabetes mellitus that? .
REFERENCES
1 . http://www.ningharmanto.com/2009/09/diabetes-mellitus/
2 . IDF Chooses Blue Circle to Represent UN Resolution Unite for Diabetes Campaign , 17 March 2006
3 . http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus
4 . Pathophysiology , Clinical concepts of disease processes , Sylvia A. price lorraine M , Wilson.penerbit medical book ( page ; 1110 )
5 . Pathophysiology clinical application inspection & management , valentine l . brashers , publisher of medical books ( page ; 157 )

 A wide variety of diseases and medical care , wahyudi , publisher of the national effort Surabaya . ( Page ; 53 )
7 . Guyton human physiology and disease mechanisms , revised edition , publisher of medical books ( hlaman ; 699 )

  Nursing Science ( verpleegkunde zv ) , part 2 , m . bouwhuaizen , alihbahsa : med drs Moelia king siregar EGC publisher of medical books ( hlaman ; 49 )

Idealism understanding of education

Idealism understanding of education
Idealism education in principle have a clear goal with the program and can be realized through formal and informal education . Realization of formal and informal education in the context of Indonesia obviously carry on towards the fulfillment of Indonesian human resources who are able to be utilized . It was all done in order to achieve high competency includes creative , innovative , skilled , intelligent , devoted to God Almighty , noble , and intelligent and able to compete globally .
Idealism education is necessary for Indonesia to pursue any pace across various sectors with other developed countries , including the neighboring countries . Idealism is education is that education should reflect the ideals of order of a society
the civilized , nurturing and respecting rights of fellow human beings .
Quality of Indonesian human resources and also the quality of education in Indonesia as seen from the macro indicators , namely the achievement of Human Development Index ( HDI ) and micro indicators ( in terms of the ability to read and write ) we still ranks 110 of 177 countries in the world . Even the ratings are declining year after year . As stated by Ilham Y. Wika ( 2007:1 ) reports that berdasarlkana Human Development Report 2005 by UNDP , HDI Indonesia increasingly slump since 1997 (ranked 99 ) , 2002 ( order of 102 ) , and in 2004 ( the order 111 ) . And by The World Economic Forum 2000 Swedish competitiveness Indonesia ranks 37 out of 57 countries in the world . Meanwhile , based on the Survey of Political and Economic Risk Consultant , the quality of education in Indonesia was ranked 12 of 12 countries in Asia . This ranking indicates that the field of education in Indonesia is still predicated as followerbukan as leader .
The education process is a process to educate and be educated . There is a process of learning and teaching , so evident in the educational process of the formation of a more human man or often called humanizing process . This is what confirms that
education has a fundamental nature of the so-called humanism intelectual . The process of educating and educated is a fundamental act ( fundamental ) , because in it there is a process and actions that change and determine a course of human life , both in terms of learners ( students ) and learners ( educators ) . In this process a learner ( educator ) means the people who make up the attitude , intelligence and personality , and learners ( educated ) is an established attitude , intelligence and personality as well as receiving an education to grow into complete human beings .
Many educational idealism becomes a chore we all , especially for the president as national stakeholders to achieve the MDG target of universal basic education so that it can be realized in 2015 , among others : the important agenda include ; ( 1 ) education and competencies of educators , ( 2 ) the professionalism of educators , ( 3 ) financial management education and human resource management , ( 4 ) political education , ( 5 ) education paradigm , ( 6 ) the development of educational organizations , ( 7 ) quality assurance education , and ( 8 ) education and gender equality .
Seriously an apparent effort by the government today is to increase the competence of educators . In Article 1 paragraph 6 of the National Education Law lays out the qualifications of educators are teachers , professors , counselors , officials learned , lecturers , tutors , instructors , facilitators and other designations are in accordance with peculiarities as well as participate in the educational menyelenggarkan . In an effort to improve the quality of education as an instrument to measure the competence of teachers and lecturers , for example , issued laws of teachers and lecturers that implementation is the implementation of teacher certification and certification of lecturers ,
In the context of the continued professionalism of teachers needed , Baedowi (2008 ) mentions , that the professional educator is an educator who has a lot of ability in ; 1 ) to plan , implement , and evaluate learning outcomes ; 2 ) improve the academic qualifications and competence on an ongoing basis ; 3 ) act in an objective and non-discriminatory on the basis of gender, religion , ethnicity, race , and specific physical conditions , or family background , and socioeconomic status of the students in learning ; 4 ) uphold the laws and regulations , and code of ethics of teachers , as well as religious values ​​and ethics ; and 5 ) maintain and foster national unity .


Qualifications ability of teachers as mentioned Baedowi (2008 ) above will be synergistic and supportive role as a teacher educator as if the terms of a good professional teacher can be met . Bebeberapa terms of professionalism among them ; 1 ) certified ; 2 ) physically and mentally healthy ; 3 ) piety to God Almighty and good conduct ; 4 ) responsible ; 5 ) the national spirit ( Ngalim Purwanto ( 2006:139-142 ) .
In terms of financial management education , the program must continue to be improved and maintained kestabilitasiannya is how to arrange all the activities of educational organizations that can continue to fund unmet needs and no clear process of how to obtain funding and manage the assets according to the educational level of the organization as a whole . Therefore , there must be done school management process and implementation of educational activities are planned and implemented vigorously reasonabl thorough and continuously conduct training on the operational costs of the school . So that educational activities more effectively and efficiently and help meet the goals of education through a good school management procedures , including ; input fund management , budget planning ( budgetting ) , the implementation process ( throw put) , and results (output ) .
Education related to financial management is the management of human resources should be an important factor in an organization . According to Schuler and Smart ( 1989 ) in Burhanuddin ( 2003 ) stated that human resource management is to be aware of ; 1 ) Planning human resource requirements , 2 ) the procurement of human resources and staff , 3 ) valuation and compensation , 4 ) appraisal and development , and 5 ) the creation and development of an effective working relationship . These five functions of human resource management is becoming earnest attempt field personnel who need a serious run and managed effectively and as well as procedural in order to achieve the expected goals .
In terms of political education that there is a common thread linking politics with education , because their relationship is not just mutual influence but also have a functional relationship . Educational institutions into places where setiapindividu , especially the younger generation learn the attitudes and feelings about the political system and the political role that is expected of them .
Talk politics of education , the politics of education in Indonesia is still not fully independent . It can be seen from the government's commitment that still must continue to be pumped in order to continue to improve access and equity in education , and MDG education for all should be the targets and priorities . Strategic Plan ( Strategic Plan ) government to education in 2008-2009 focused on three national educational development goals to be achieved , namely ; 1 ) improvement and expansion of educational equity , 2 ) increasing the quality and relevance of education , and 3 ) increased governance ( governance ) , accountability and public image we have of monitoring and evaluation .
Our only question is how far the success is to be achieved ? If not then there must be a channel of communication and control system that is accessible to the public and to the government .
Government efforts to realize continuous run political education , but education policies and practices in the field is still far from desirable . Data Enrollment ( AMP ) in 2008 showed that AMP SD / MI reached 95 % , SMP / MTs by 71.83 % while the Gross Enrolment Ratio ( GER) at the level of SMA / MA / SMK 2006 have amounted to 55.22 % and Higher Education APK only reached 16.70 % . Dropout rates at the primary level reaches 2.9 % , junior high school dropout rate of 2.42 % , 3.06 % and PT SMA 5.9 % . The high number of illiterate people of Indonesia recorded a total population of 15.4 million 211 063 000 population aged 15 years and above are illiterate with a ratio of 5.8 % of men and 12.3 % women were distributed in urban areas and 4.9 % 12.2 % rural . This situation illustrates that the political reality of education in Indonesia is not yet independent and well behind the demands of global competitiveness . Therefore, our education policy in the future to be able to provide concrete expectations of the progress of the nation in the future .
Paradigm of education in Indonesia must continue to prioritize new educational paradigm , because the old educational paradigm emphasizes education as a basic human need and right , then the paradigm of modern education now ( new ) promoting education as a future investment needs someone to gain prosperity alive .
Through education, the future of the nation , can be designed in a way to prepare the best possible quality human resources . With this basis we should strive for ; First , create a system of national education and democratic climate and quality , in order to
strengthen noble character , creative , innovative , insightful nationality , intelligent , healthy , disciplined , responsible , skilled and master of science and technology in order to improve the quality of Indonesian human . Second , improve the quality of the educational institutions developed by various parties effectively and efficiently , especially in the development of science and technology , arts and culture , thus stimulating a pro - active , creative , and always creative in all components . Third , develop human humanizing education , education which can develop human dignity , and prepare people become caliph . Fourth , in facing the actual tendencies no other alternative than to need realignment for education since primary education .
Education as a process of personal formation learner implemented in a systematic and systemic , and systematic . Therefore , an educational process takes place gradually and continuously ( procedural ) and systemic due to take place in situations in all environments dankondisi good family , school and community . Therefore , the challenges that must be done in the field of education should be pursued primarily improve the low quality of education in Indonesia at all levels and units of education, especially primary and secondary education as well as encouraging people to be fully aware that education is a fundamental requirement for any human life . If this is successful , then the government through the president's policies will gradually be able to complete the education for all .
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