The function of attitudes and factors that influence attitudes

The function of attitudes and factors that influence attitudes
Discussion Function attitudes and the factors that influence attitudes can be seen pda explanation points below the attitude functions ( Katz in Walgito , 1990)
a. Instrumental function or function adjustment
In connection with the means objectives , attitude serves as a means to an end . People looked at the extent to which the attitude object can be used as a means to achieve goals. This function is also called adjustment function , meaning that the attitude taken someone will be able to adjust well to the surroundings .
b . The function of ego defense
Is a function of the ego , or an attitude taken by someone in order to maintain or angkunya ago .
c . The function of the value of the expression
Attitudes that exist in a person is a way for individuals to express values ​​in him . By expressing oneself will get satisfaction and can show the situation himself .
d . The function of knowledge
This function means that every individual has the urge to want to know . With experience that is not consistent with what is known by the individual , will realign or changed so as to be consistent .
Factors that influence attitudes Factors influencing attitudes towards the attitude object attitude functions and factors that influence attitudes , among others :
a. personal experience
Can be the basis for the formation of attitudes , personal experiences should leave a strong impression . Because of this attitude would be more easily formed when personal experience occurs in situations involving emotional .
b . The influence of other people that is considered important
In general, people tend to have an attitude in line with the attitude of people considered important . This trend , among others, motivated by a desire to avoid conflict with a person that is considered important .
c . The influence of culture
Unconsciously it has instilled a culture of line influence our attitude towards various issues . Culture has colored the attitude of its members , because that gives budayalah individi - style experience of individual community care.
d . mass media
In the newspapers or radio or other communications media , which is supposed to be factual news conveyed objectively tend influenced by the attitude of the author , consequently affect the attitudes of consumers .
e . Religious educational institutions
Moral concepts and teachings of educational institutions and religious institutions is crucial belief system . It is not surprising that in turn affects the attitude concept .
f . emotional factors
Sometimes, a form of attitude , fueled by an emotional statement that serves as a sort of channeling frustration or alienation of the ego defense mechanisms ( Anwar , 2005)

Understanding attitudes and characteristics of attitudes and attitude measurement

Understanding attitudes and characteristics of attitudes and attitude measurement
According Thursheon (1990) Understanding attitudes and characteristics of attitudes and attitude measurement is that the attitude is a picture of a person's personality is born through physical movement and mind responses to a situation or an object. Also according to Berkowitz in the object is a person's attitude or emotional feelings and the second factor is the reaction or response, or the tendency to react. Of the opinion can be said that the attitude is a tendency, views, opinions or penderian someone to assess an object or issue and act in accordance with the judgment by realizing the positive and negative feelings in the face of an object. Meanwhile, according to an attitude Notoadmodjo reaction masi closed, can not be seen directly that can be interpreted from visible behavior. According to Anwar, 1995 is the attitude of readiness to react to an object in a certain way. Form of reaction to positive and negative ways, attitudes include likes and dislikes approach and avoid situations, objects, people, groups and social policies. Carl Jung, 1993 is the attitude of physical readiness to act or react in a certain way. According Purwanto 1998 outlook attitude is a tendency to act in accordance with the attitude object.
The characteristics of the attitude
The characteristics of the attitude (Purwanto, 1998), namely:
a. Attitude is not under since birth but learned along the established or in progress in relation to its object. This property distinguishes the properties biogenis motives such as hunger, thirst and the need for rest.
b. Attitudes can change the attitude because it can be learned and to change the attitude of the people if there are circumstances and under certain conditions that make it easier on people's attitudes.
c. Attitude does not stand alone, but always has a certain relation to an object, in other words, the attitude was formed, learned, or constantly changing with respect to a particular object and can be formulated clearly.
d. The attitude object is a particular case but also a collection of these things.
e. In terms of motivation and attitude have aspects that distinguish the natural attitude of feeling and attitude skills or knowledge possessed the knowledge.
How to measure attitudes
Attitude measurement can be done by assessing a person's statement. Inclusion is the attitude of the sentence that states something about the attitude object was about to reveal.
Statement may contain or manifest a positive attitude about the object, ie the sentence is supporting or favoring the attitude object. Instead statement may also contain negative things about the attitude object bersufat not support or counter the attitude object.
Attitude measurements can be made directly and indirectly. Can directly reveal how the opinions / statements of respondents to an object. Indirectly can be done with hypothetical statements later in the opinion expressed by the questionnaire respondents Understanding attitudes and characteristics of attitudes and attitude measurement (Notoadmodjo, 2003).
The level of attitude
Level attitude (Notoadmodjo, 2003), namely:
a. Receive
Interpreted that the person (the subject) and want to pay attention to a given stimulus (object)
b. Respond
The answer if asked, doing and completing the task that is given is an indication of the attitude. Due to an attempt to answer the question or do the tasks assigned, regardless of the job that's right or wrong, is the mean person receiving the idea.
c. Appreciate
Invite others to work or discuss a problem.
d. Be responsible
Responsible for all the risks of a voting that has been, is the most high attitude

Understanding Education experts say

Understanding Education experts say
Education is derived from the definition of education pedagogy according to experts ( paedagogie , Latin language ) word which means education and Pedagogia ( pedagogic ) meaning science education that comes from the Greek . Pedagogia consists of two words , namely ' Paedos ' ( child , pen ) and ' agoge ' which means I lead , lead the child . While paedagogos is a maid or footman ( youth , pen ) in Ancient Greece who work delivering and picking up the kids ( students , pen ) to and from school . The words of the original connotation paedagogos low ( waitress , maid ) is , then now is used for the name of a noble job paedagoog ( educator or expert students or teachers ) . From the standpoint of education can be defined as a person's activities in guiding and leading the child toward optimal growth and development in order to be able to stand alone and bertanggung.jawab .Education is closely related to everything related to human development began physical development , health, skills , thoughts , feelings , wishes , social , until the development of the Faith . This development refers to making people become more perfect , make improving human life and natural life of civilized and moral.As quoted by Ahmad Tafseer , Rupert C. Lodge in his book Philosophy of Education ( New York : Harer & Brothers . , 1974 : 23 ) states that education in its broadest sense it involves the whole experience . But the fact that not all can be said educational experience . Steal , pilfer , corruption and ditching for example , for people who 've done it certainly has some experience , but the experience can not be said of education . Because education has a noble purpose , either before manusia.maupun.dihadapan.Tuhan .Definition of Education according to the formulation of educational Many experts proposed by the experts include :
a. ohn Dewey : education is a fundamental skill formation process of intellectual and emotional human beings .
b . JJ . Rouseau : Education is a provision giving us what we do not need in childhood , but we need at present
c . MJ Langeveld : Education merupkan every effort is made to influence and guide children toward maturity , so that children carry out his own retort

terms of healthy homes according to experts

terms of healthy homes according to experts
According to Wahid and Chayatin (2009 ) terms a healthy home according to experts , Based on the formula published by APHA in United , healthy home is a house that meets the following requirements :
a. Must meet physiological needs .
b . Meet the psychological needs .
c . Can be protected from infectious diseases
d . Avoid accidents
If further investigation , the requirements described above are similar to the requirements as mentioned below :
a. Requirements of the houses
The location of the house is good to avoid the occupants of the danger of infectious diseases , accidents and the possibility of other disorders . Requirements of the houses is the first requirement of a healthy home . The following are considerations chose the location of the house :
1 ) Surface and subsurface soil (soil and subsoil ) , low land flooded often not obvious either become a place of permanent housing . Rocky soil is usually moist and cool , because when it rains the water can not seep in the soil . However with a good construction ( waterproof flooring ) house with these conditions can be used without any interruption . When equipped with a good drainage .
2 ) Orientation of the house ( in conjunction with solar , wind direction , and open field ) . North hemisphere , for example , rooms located to the north will receive less sunlight . Therefore , should a kitchen and store room where the food is located in the north of the house.
b . Physical requirements
Physical requirements include the construction and building area . Construction of the house should be good and strong so as to prevent the possibility of moisture and easily repaired if there is damage . Physical Requirements concerning the construction of the house. Based on previous experiences , everyone feels the need to make a solid foundation , so strong construction . Type assortment foundation relies on the weight of a house , or a building that will be underground and the state ( subsoil ) . Building area shall be adjusted by the number of occupants of the house , building floor area adjusted to the number of inhabitants . The building area is not proportional to its inhabitants would result in shortness or less free , and will lead to unhealthy , if one family member is suffering from infectious diseases , the lack of oxygen supply may facilitate disease transmission .
c . Physiological requirements
Healthy Homes criteria must be met good ventilation , adequate lighting , to avoid the presence of noise and recreation field , especially for the kids to play .
1 ) Ventilation .
Ventilation is important to note , the house should be made ​​so that fresh air can get into the house , so that the smoke and foul air , can be lost very quickly . This can be achieved by placing doors and windows to the right position , so that air can get into the rooms and the room another room in the house . Fentilasi function is :
a) Keeping the air flow in the house to keep it fresh .
b ) Freeing indoor air of bacteria , especially pathogenic bacteria , due to continuous air flow .
c ) Maintain the room so that moisture can be maintained optimally .
2 ) Lighting
A home can be considered as a healthy home if it has adequate lighting . This is because due to the nature of light has to kill the bacteria or germs that enter the home . Besides the bullet note the level of luminosity . Lack of lighting will cause some of the effects on the eyes , comfort , as well as the productivity of a person . Therefore it can be said that adequate lighting in a home health greatly affecting every person in it .
3 ) Noise
Currently the effect of noise is considered only by everyone , this is because the noise can interfere with a person's concentration and comfort especially when sudden arrival of such eruptions can disrupt life . People who suffer from heart disease could died instantly due to the eruption . Healthy home is a house that could be spared from noise / far away from the noise source .
d . Psychological requirements
Healthy home should have a good division of space , the arrangement of furniture is neat , not over cowding , and so on . Psychological requirements over cowding cause negative effects on the health effects of physical , mental , and moral . The spread of communicable diseases are rapidly occurring solid occupants . In addition , areas like this , the bustle and noise will increase , which will cause disturbance to tranquility , whether individuals , families , and entire communities around it . In addition , tranquility and confidentiality (privacy ) of each individual will be protected and will result in decreased morale accesses . Housing legislation in some developed countries authorize the government to menaggualangi problems like this . Home or residence revealed over cowding when the number of people who slept at home that shows the following .
1 ) Two individuals of different sexes , and over ten years old and not bersetatus as husband and wife , slept in one room .
2 ) The number of people in the house than the floor area exceeds the specified provisions . Healthy home is a house that is not over crowding the tranquility and comfort of a person could be disrupted if the residence or house belonged to the over- crowding .
While the Committee on the Hygiene of Housing in America a basic set of basic principles that should be considered in conjunction with the terms of a healthy home according to experts , to enhance physical , mental and social inhabitants .
a. Needs Physiological Needs
1 ) Maintain the ambient temperature to maintain the balance of body heat expenditure .
2 ) Make provisions on allowable levels of air pollution by chemical substances .
3 ) provision of sufficient daylight illumination , but avoid penyilauan .
4 ) Provision of direct sunlight is allowed .
5 ) The provision of artificial light is pretty good
6 ) Protection against excessive commotion
7 ) There is an open field for sports , recreation and where children play .
b . Psychological needs needs .
1 ) The provisions of sufficient privacy for each individual
2 ) The freedom and opportunity for every normal family .
3 ) Freedom and social life opportunities .
4 ) The facilities that allow the execution of tasks without causing physical and mental fatigue .
5 ) The facilities for maintaining the cleanliness of the home and the environment .
6 ) The provisions of the comforts of home and surroundings .
7 ) Creating an index of social standards of each community locally .
c . Protection against disease transmission
1 ) The provision of healthy water to every home .
2 ) The provisions on the protection of drinking water from contamination .
3 ) The provisions of kototan disposal facilities ( latrines ) to reduce the danger of the spread of the disease .
4 ) Protect the interior of the house to cowage contamination .
5 ) Avoid insanitary condition around the house .
6 ) Provide facilities for storing milk and foods that are not easily rot .
7 ) The provision of space in the bedroom to avoid contact of the infection .
8 ) Avoid nests of rats and vermin in the home that can transmit disease .
d . Protection against accidents
1 ) Create a solid home construction to avoid the building collapsed .
2 ) Avoid fire hazards .
3 ) Prevent the possibility of accidental falls and other accidents mekasnis .
4 ) Protection against electrical shock .
5 ) Protection against hazards of poisoning by gases .
6 ) Avoid the dangers of vehicular traffic

The procedure for processing rainwater

The procedure for processing rainwater
research proves rainwater can not be directly used as water consumption for drinking and cooking good food . Therefore, water from the clouds low mineral content , kesadahannya too low , acid ( pH ) is low , but the organic matter and iron- height that can cause health problems , such as the fragility of teeth . Feasibility problem rainwater to be used as water consumption has become the attention of researchers in Indonesia , as did Sri Darwati Ir , MSc from the Center for Research and Development of Settlements Department of Public Works . To take advantage of rain water into potable so much usefulness . In addition to meeting the primary needs of the people who often experience a water crisis , also cope with the high use of ground water that can cause an imbalance in the soil . No less important , utilizing rainwater can keep the environment from flooding and erosion . Sri , in his paper titled Water Management Technology explained , is a very easy thing to make rain water into potable water . All you need do is just hold water , then add a few ingredients to neutralize the water content of rain . To be used as drinking water , rain water needs to be added minerals to provide lime to taste . However , before utilizing rainwater , there needs to be some steps made ​​are:

    create a filter and sump basin . Bak filter located on top of tank . Can be made of fiber glass , drum , or barrel-shaped land . In combination these filters provide sand and gravel .
    Before the rain water falling into tub filters are usually derived from a stream of house roof gutters , gutters should be given initial filter that leaves or other debris do not get into the tank .
    If you can not make a filter in gutters , rainwater should be collected after 10 minutes the rain lasts . The goal is that the dirt in the gutter can be cleared in advance by the freshly fallen rain .
    For shelter , can be made tanks made ​​of ferrosement , masonry , glass fiber , reinforced concrete , drums , large bucket , or other receptacle tool . So that rain water can meet the needs of the family for a fairly long time , it is advisable made ​​large tub that can accommodate 2-10 cubic meters .
    Before water flowed into the tank , for about the first five minutes of rain water must be removed to avoid dirt into a receptacle . When it does not rain water faucet income and expenditure should be in the closed condition to prevent the entry of organic debris or animals such as mosquitoes .
    Incoming water flow must be adjusted to the capacity of a tank to prevent overflow of water . When the tank is full , the flow of incoming water should be stopped so as not to discharge clean water can shorten the life of receptacle .
    Tub filters should be cleaned a minimum of once every month or as needed . Tank should not be left in a discharged condition with no water at all in order to avoid cracks and damage due to weather . Bimonthly tank should be drained and cleaned .
    To consume rainwater as drinking water , researchers from the Institute of Technology Surabaya ( ITS ) suggested that the water is boiled first . Before boiling salt needs to be added as much as 36.3 mg and 25 mg whiting per liter .
    To reduce levels of iron ( Fe ) , when using the drum as a medium reservoir , painted drums first. ( nix )
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