advantages of water for health and mempengatuhi factors in the body needs water

advantages of water for health and mempengatuhi factors in the body needs waterThe advantages of water for healthWater is the main component of the body , on average each person has 60 % of your weight . Every system in your body depends on water . For example , water will flush toxins out of vital organs , carries nutrients to body cells and tissues produce moisture for ear , nose and throat .
Lack of water in the body can cause dehydration , which is the situation arising due to lack of water so that the body can not function normally .
How much water is needed ?Every time you will lose water through breathing , perspiration , urine and bowel movements . For your body to function properly, you must replenish its water by consuming beverages and foods that contain water .
Two approaches to the water needs of an average adult :Replacement approach . Average adult urine output of 1.5 L a day . Water also DAPT out through breathing , sweating and bowel movements . Food usually accounts for 20 % of the total amount required , so if you consume 2 liters of water or other beverages a day ( about 8 glasses ) , then the fluid lost will be replaced .
Daily recommendations . The Institute of Medicine recommends that men consume roughly 3 L ( 13 cups ) and women consume 2.2 liters ( about 9 cups ) of total beverages a day .
Another way to tell when you have a drink in sufficient amounts is if you rarely feel thirsty and produce one to two liters of urine is colorless or slightly yellow .
Factors that influence water needs
The amount of water needed purposes depends on the liveliness of the body , weather , health , and if pregnant or breastfeeding .
1 . Exercise . The more you exercise , the more water your body needs . Additional 1-2 glasses of water should suffice for short bouts of exercise , but when the old sport requires additional fluid . How much additional fluid is needed depends on how much you sweat during exercise , usually 2-3 glasses in an hour is enough , unless the air is very hot . Better to replace the water with a liquid electrolyte so that the electrolyte lost body ( sodium ) can be replaced with sweat .
2 . Lingkungan.Udara hot and humid can make you sweat and requires additional intake of fluid . Heated indoor air can also make the skin loses moisture . Altitude of over 2500 meters ( 8200 feet ) may trigger increased urination and more rapid breathing , so that more fluid is wasted .
3 . The state of health and disease . Signs of illness such as fever , vomiting and diarrhea , can cause the body to dehydrate. If there is , then you need to drink more water and better if can replace electrolytes that out as well . Certain conditions such as bladder infections or urinary tract stones, also require increased water intake . condition

Definition of PH and how to decrease pH in water

Definition of PH and how to decrease pH in waterPHpH is an expression of the concentration of hydrogen ions ( H + ) in water . The amount stated in the minus logarithm of the concentration of ions H. For example , if there is a statement pH 6 , it means the concentration of H in the water is 0.000001 part of the total solution . Due to write 0.000001 ( imagine if pH 14 ) is too long then the number of people melogaritmakanthus widened -6 . But because there is a sign - ( negative ) behind the figure , the less practical , then multiply again by the sign - ( minus ) in order to obtain a positive number 6 . Therefore , pH is definedas " - ( minus ) the logarithm of the concentrations of H ions " .

              pH = - log ( H + )Noteworthy is that the difference of one pH unit number that means kosentrasinya difference is 10-fold . Thus , if the difference of the numbers is 2 then the concentration difference is 10x10 = 100 times . For example, pH 5 shows the concentration of H as 0.00001 or one hundred thousandth ( a hundredth thousand ) while the pH 6 = 0.000001 or one millionth ( a millionth ) .Thus if we lower the pH from 6 to 5 means that we increase the concentration of H + IOB much as 10-fold . If we suppose that the pH of the sugar , then by lowering the pH from 6 to 5 , it means that the solution is now 10 times sweeter than before .
Not all creatures can survive the change of pH value , for that nature has provided a unique mechanism for the changes did not occur or did not occur , but by how slowly . This defense system known as the buffer capacity of early development .Ph is very important as a water quality parameter because it controls the rate of speed of reaction types and some of the material in the water . Besides fish and other aquatic creatures living in a certain pH interval , so that by knowing the pH value then we will know if the water is appropriate or not to support their lives .PH scale ranges from 0 ( very acidic ) to 14 ( very alkaline / alkaline ) . PH values ​​less than 7 indicate acidic environment whereas a value above 7 indicates alkaline environments ( alkaline ) . While pH = 7 is referred to as neutral .Fluctuations in the pH of water is determined by the alkalinity of the water . If alkalinitasnya high then the water will easily restore the pH to its original value , of any " disruption " for altering the pH .Thus the key lies in the handling of the pH decrease in alkalinity and water hardness . If this had been controlled by the decrease in pH would be easier to do .handling pHAs mentioned earlier , interference or alteration of the pH value would be more effective if the alkalinity ditanganai first. Here are some ways pangananan pH , which , if observed farther , likely to lead to hardness or alkalinity handling .The decrease in pHTo lower the pH , it must first be measured KH . If the value of KH is too high ( 12 or more ) then the KH terleibh first need to be lowered , which usually is automatically followed by a decrease in pH value . If nilia pH is too high ( more than 8 ) , while KH is quite good ( between 6 -12 ) then it is a reflection of the poor balance .The decrease in pH can be done by passing the water through the peat ( peat ) , generally used is peat moss ( peat moss derived from ) . can also be done with water and replaced them with lower berkesadahan water , rain water or boiled water , deionized water , or distilled water ( distilled water ) .Besides it can also be done by adding bogwood into akuairum . Bogwood is a kind of timber that can possess the ability to adsorb hardness . Ketapan same function as leaves , wood and the like acids .
Increasing the pHRaising the pH can be done by providing intensive aeration , water skipping past the coral fragments , fragments of shells or limestone pieces . Or by adding decorations such as tufa limestone -based , or coral sand . Or by water replacement

handling water hardness and alkalinity

handling water hardness and alkalinity
Handling Hard water
If your water is too hard to fish or plants , the water can be softened . Many ways can be done to lower the hardness . It's best to use a reverse osmosis ( RO ) or deioniser ( DI ) . Unfortunately this method is included in the method expensive . The results of reverse osmosis will have a hardness = 0 , therefore this water needs to be mixed with tap water in such a way so as to achieve the required hardness values ​​.
Commercial water softener resin can be used on a small scale , though not effectively used for large scale . Commercial products processing water for domestic use is generally not suitable , because they often use the principle of cation exchange in the process . In this prosoes sodium ( Na ) is generally used as an ion exchanger , so the sodium will eventually accumulate on the results of processed water . Excess sodium ( Na ) in the aquarium water is undesirable .
Dilution using distilled water ( distilled water / distilled water ) can also be used to lower the hardness .The decrease naturally can be done by using the services of organic acids ( humic / fulvik ) , the acid function exactly as seen in the deionization process is to capture the ions of water on gusus carbonyl groups present in organic acids ( farm ) . Some media that contains organic acids which are derived from Spagnum peat ( peat moss ) , leaves ketapan , Oak bark , etc. .
Process with peat and other organic materials usually will produce a brownish color water like tea water . Before the peat used to be boiled in advance is recommended , so that organisms undesirable missing .
Lowering hardness can also be done by planting " duck weed " or Egeria densa .
To increase the hardness can be done by providing decorations made ​​from limestone , such as tuff or coral sand . Or by passing water through the shards of marble ( marble ) or other calcareous materials .
alkalinity
Generally indicates alkalinity concentration of base or substance capable of neutralizing kemasamaan in water . In particular , the alkalinity is often referred to as a quantity that indicates the capacity bufffer early development of bicarbonate ions , and to a certain extent and hydroxide carbonate ions in the water . All three of the ions in the water will react with the hydrogen ions thereby reducing the acidity and raise the pH . Alkalinity is usually expressed in ppm ( mg / l ) of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . Water with calcium carbonate content of more than 100 ppm referred to as alkaline , whereas the water content of less than 100 ppm referred to as soft or moderate levels of alkalinity .
In general, a good environment for fish life is with values ​​above 20 ppm alkalinity .

source of water for humans and benefits

source of water for humans and benefitsCHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND
Water is a chemical substance that is essential for human life and other living things , and function for life will not be replaced by other compounds . Almost all human activities require water , ranging from self-cleaning ( shower ) , room cleaning homes , preparing food and beverages to other activities .
In living tissue , water is the medium for the various reactions and excretion processes . Water is a component uama in both plants and animals , including humans . The human body is composed of 60-70 % water . Transport of nutrients in the body all in solution with water solvent . Also nutrient - nutrient in the soil can only be absorbed by the roots in the form of the solution . By because it is not possible life can be maintained without water .
Most of the daily water requirements derived from ground water sources and rivers , the water that comes from the PAM ( tap water ) is also the raw material of the river , by the quantity because the rivers for water quality should be maintained .
CHAPTER II
PROBLEMS
The issues to be discussed are as follows :
I. Sources of Water
A. Air Space ( Rain )
B. Water Surface
C. Groundwater
II . usefulness of Water
A. Factors that influence water needs
B. Dehydration and Complications
CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
I. WATER SOURCE

     The water that is in the earth 's surface can be derived from various sources based on the location of the source , the water can be divided into the sky water ( rain ) , surface water and groundwater .
A. Air Space ( rain )
Air space or rain water is the main source of water on earth . Although at the time of precipitation is the most clean water , water pollution is likely to experience when in the atmosphere . Pollution that takes place in the atmosphere that can be caused by dust particles , microorganisms , and gases , such as carbon dioxide , nitrogen , and ammonia .
Thus rain water is already up on the surface of the earth is not pure and lead to acidity .
B. Water Surface
Water surface water bodies include some kind of rivers , lakes , ponds , reservoirs , swamps , waterfalls , and surface wells , mostly from rainwater that falls to the surface of the earth . The rainwater will then undergo either by soil pollution , garbage , or other .
Sources of surface water from rivers , ditches, and trenches have similarities , which means flowing and can wash contaminated materials . Source water from swamps , dams and lakes contain natural sources of decay . For example , ganggan decaying plants , fungi , and others . Surface water from the ocean contains high levels of salt so if it is used for drinking water, it must undergo ion - exchange process .
C. Groundwater
Ground water is rain water that falls to the surface of the earth which then undergoes a percolation or absorption into the soil and undergo natural filtration process . The processes that have been experienced by the rain water , in perjalananya underground , making groundwater better and more murnih compared to surface water .

   Ground water has several advantages compared to other water sources . First , the ground water is usually free of germs and disease and usually do not require purification or purification process . Groundwater supplies are also quite available all year round, even during the dry season . Meanwhile , ground water also has some disadvantages or drawbacks compared to other water sources . Groundwater containing substances in high concentration such as magnesium , calcium , some heavy metals such as iron can cause water hardness . In addition , to suck the water surface in need of a pump or bucket .
II . WATER FOR HUMAN USE
Water is the main component of the body , on average each person has 60 % of your weight . All systems in the body depends on water . One example , water will flush toxins out of vital organs , carries nutrients to body cells and tissues produce moisture for ear , nose and throat .
Water dissolves many kinds of substances in the body need . For example , dissolved oxygen is necessary first , before it can enter the blood vessels that surround arveoli . Similarly Hannya all food substances that can be absorbed if it can dissolve in the liquid covering the intestinal mucous membrane . All biochemical reactions in the human body / animal implemented in the aquatic environment . Water as a solvent , bringing all kinds of food throughout the body and take back all the waste for disposal. Water also participated maintain body temperature , due to the evaporation temperature can be decreased . Water is also used to clean the surface of the eye and smoothed , so that the motion of the eyelid becomes smooth . Briefly in all life functions such as reacting to any stimulus , grow , metabolize , reproduce , water has always played an important role .
Water is necessary for people's daily life looks from places on earth chosen people to live . Settlements are found in the surrounding waters such as rivers . Hence also the cities in the world is situated near the river . Human culture as makhlik also affected by the properties of the water environment , so as to develop the technology in order mendayagunakannya . Water stimulate people to make good containers of water from the soil , bronze , silver , and gold . Water also manstimulir people to make rafts , boats , ships , etc. , in order to utilize water as a transport medium . Nowadays people also use water for power generation , recreation , and other industries .
Of the many mangfaat water , the amount of water that actually consume a small fraction , ie belonging to the provision of drinking water or clean . However, even this group , which really consumed very little . For example, people only drink 2 L per day , as well as the amount of water consumed by animals and plants , just a little. Most are only used as a medium . For example , the water supply will return to the sphere as the water used to wash , then clean the house , the former poured dirt , the former baths , and others . So , it is inconceivable , were it not for available water , whether hygiene can be assured ?
Lack of drinking water in the body can cause dehydration , which is the situation arising due to lack of water so that the body can not function normalnya.setiap when you lose water through urine and sweat respiratory bowel movements , so that the body is functioning normally , the water lost must be replaced by consuming foods and beverages that contain water .
A. Advantages of Water For Human Health
Two approaches to the average water needs in adults are:
- Approach replacement . Average urine output for adults 1.5 L a day . Water also can come out melaului breathing , sweating and bowel movements . Food usually accounts for 20 % of the total number in need , so if you consume 2 liters of water or other drink in a day ( about 8 glasses ) , then the fluid lost will be replaced .
- Daily Recommendations . Instituse Of Medicine advises that men consume 3L ( 13 cups ) and women consume 2.2 liters ( about 9 cups ) of total minimum day. Another way to tell when you have a drink in sufficient quantities is when you are thirsty and produce rare merassa one to two liters of urine is colorless or slightly yellow .
1 . Factors that influence water needs .

  The amount of water needed purposes depends on the liveliness of the body , weather , health , and if pregnant or breastfeeding .
- Sports : the more exercise , the more water is needed body . Additional 1-2 glasses of water should suffice for short bouts of exercise , but if the old sport requires additional fluid . How much additional fluid is needed depends on how much you sweat after exercise , usually 2-3 glasses of an hour is enough , unless the air is very good panas.lebih when using water with a liquid electrolyte so that the electrolyte lost body fluids can be replaced .
- Environment : hot and humid air can make you sweat and requires additional intake of fluid . Heated indoor air can also make the skin loses moisture so that more urine is wasted .
- The state of health and disease : signs of illness such as fever , Mutah and diarrhea , can cause the body to dehydrate. If there is , then you need to drink more water better when it can replace the electrolytes that out as well . Conditions requiring better when fluid can replace electrolytes lost juga.kondisi content such as urinary infections and urinary duct stones also need more fluids . Other conditions such as heart failure and some types of kidney , liver or adrenal disease can interfere with the excretion of water therefore needs to limit the intake of water .
- Pregnant and breastfeeding : women who are pregnant or breastfeeding need water to stay hydrated . A large amount of fluid is lost during nursing . The Institute of Medicine recommends that pregnant women drink 2.4 L ( 10 cups ) while breastfeeding is recommended that the 3.0 L ( 12.5 cups ) each day .
2 . Dehydration and Complications

     Lack of water intake your body needs can lead to dehydration . Moderate dehydration ( loss of 1-2 % of body weight ) can reduce energy and make you tired . Common causes of dehydration include strenuous activity , excessive sweating , and diarrhea Mutah .
Signs and symptoms of dehydration are :
- Thirst
- Tired
- Headache
- Dry mouth
- Less urination
- Weak muscles ( sluggish )
- Dizziness
- Head feels light

      Dehydration was rarely cause complications for lost fluid quickly replaced . Other cases can be life-threatening, especially in individuals who are young or old . In emergency situations the liquid electrolyte can be replaced intravenously .

      Not good to make sense of thirst as an indicator for drinking . When feel thirsty , dehydration may have occurred . Furthermore , as you get older , the body will not be sensitive to dehydration . Excessive thirst and increased urination can be a serious medical condition .
CHAPTER IVCLOSING
Water is a chemical substance that is essential for human life and other living creatures , his function can not be replaced by anything .
In essence, water sources can be classified into three namely : rain water , surface water and groundwater . Examples of water for human life functions are : water will flush toxins out of vital organs , carries nutrients to body cells and tissues produce moisture on the ear, nose and throat in addition to the water is also used as means of transport , power plants and so forth

the types of pollution and pollution impact environments

the types of pollution and pollution impact environments
A. Types of Pollution
Environmental pollution is divided into three types , based on place of occurrence , ie air pollution , water pollution and soil contamination . In Indonesia, the environmental damage caused by pollution of air , water and soil have been very critical . Particularly in London and the surrounding areas , ever environmental disasters such as waste, flood and much more . This paper will discuss about the types of pollution and its causes and solutions offered to the environmental damage caused by pollution can diminimalisisi
I. Air Pollution
a. Definition
Air pollution is entered or the inclusion of living things , matter , energy , or other components into the air or changing the order of the air by human activity or by natural processes so that the air quality drops to a certain ketingkatan which causes the air to become less or cease to function in accordance with peruntukanya .
example :
Air pollution caused by exhaust fumes such as CO2 , SO , SO2 , CFC , CO , and smoke cigarettes . CO2 gas that comes from the factory , the machines that use fossil fuel and wood burning result . CO2 levels are increasing in the air can not be readily converted into oxygen by plants because many of the world forests felled each year .

            
b . Impact Air Pencemara
1 . Impact of Air Pollution In Economics
One example of the impact of air pollution in economics as in widespread forest fires in eastern Java so that the smoke haze that pollutes the air very disturbing human activities , especially in the field of flight , Karna smog so thick that eventually cost becomes sparse unlike usual days , and his income was reduced to about 40 % / day .
In addition smog also affects human activity , less human activity outside the home because fear will in respiratory disease , it can cause economic loss to the community because we are not able to search for the necessities of life .
2 . Impact of Air Pollution In Flora And Fauna scope space
The impact of air pollution on plants ( flora ) greatly influenced the development of plant air , if the air is contaminated then interfere with the growth of flora , can become dry and may eventually lead to death , and the effect on the breeding process . Because plants need oxygen for the process of development .
The impact of pollution on Animals ( fauna ) as CFC gases that rise to the top to reach the stratosphere . In the stratosphere there is a layer of ozone gas ( O3 ) , which is the protective earth from the effects of ultra violet radiation . UV radiation can lead to death of the organism , plants become stunted , causing genetic mutations , causing skin cancer and eye cancer . When CFCs reach the ozone layer gas reaction will occur between CFCs and ozone , the ozone layer is perforated so -called ozone hole . SO and SO2 gas is also produced from the combustion of fossil . This gas can react with NO2 gas and rain water and cause acid rain . The rain resulted in plants and animals die land , agricultural production slumped , easily corroded iron and metal , as well as the buildings so quickly fade .
3 . Impact of Air Pollution on Health Human
CO gas inhalation will interfere with breathing . This gas is very reactive so disturbing reminder of oxygen by hemoglobin in the blood . If it continues, can lead to death . CFC gas is used as a gas developers , because not bereaks , odorless , tasteless and harmless . Many used to develop a foam seat , for air conditioning , refrigeration refrigerators and hair spray . However , there was also the ugliness of this gas . CFC gases that rise to the top to reach the stratosphere . In the stratosphere there is a layer of ozone gas ( O3 ) , which is the protective earth from the effects of ultra violet radiation . UV radiation can lead to death of the organism , plants become stunted , causing genetic mutations , causing skin cancer and eye cancer .
4 . Against Air Pollution Impact Esetika
The impact of air pollution on aesthetics is an example in air polluted by smog is very disturbing view of beauty . Because the thick smog that our visibility hindered by smog .
II . Air pollution
a. Definition
Water pollution is entered or the inclusion of living things , matter , energy , and or other components into the water and changing the order of water by human activities or natural processes and the other so that water quality decreases to the level which can lead to certain water can be less or no longer function according intended.
example :
Industrial pollutants include organic pollutants ( liquid waste ) , inorganic pollutants ( solids , heavy metals ) , remaining fuel , kerosene and oil tumpaham is a major source of water pollution , especially ground water . Besides deforestation , good for growing crops , housing and other construction lead to groundwater contamination . Household waste such as organic waste ( food scraps ) , inorganic waste ( plastic , glass , cans ) and chemicals ( detergents , batteries stones ) also plays a major role in the pollution of water , both surface water and ground water . Pollutants in water include chemical elements , pathogens / bacteria and the changing nature of the physics and chemistry of water . Many chemical elements are toxins that pollute the water . Pathogens / bacteria result in water pollution causing disease in humans and animals
b . Impact of Air Pollution
1 . Air Pollution Impact Economy
As in ocean water contaminated by industrial waste the water surrounding the fish will die discredited / migrate or move to another place because the water is not suitable for these fish live , and it greatly affects the fisherman catch fish catches because they will be reduced , and it is mengaurangi income and their income .
Other examples such as the recreation area at the beach if the sea is polluted by garbage it would interfere with the view of the place , it will make the recreational visitors looking for another place / lazy to visiting the place . This makes the Coast Guard or the person who has the tourist income is declining because of the shortage of visitors .
2 . Impact of Air Pollution Flora And Fauna Scope
The impact of pollution on the flora and fauna of the ecosystem when sample fauna in the sea when the sea is polluted with sewage sample , then the oil will affect the fish will live around these waters , and the fish that live around the waters are polluted by sewage will moved to another place and also die because of water contaminated with the waste.
3 . Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health
Water contaminated by E. coli bacteria is very annoying to human health because if human contaminates the water so people can be exposed to the disease dysentery .
Other examples of Cadmium ( Cd ) is becoming popular as a dangerous heavy metals after the onset of river pollution in the region of Kumamoto Japan that caused toxicity in humans . Cadmium contamination in drinking water in Japan causing disease " itai - itai " . Symptoms are characterized by abnormalities of bone and some organs of the body becomes dead . Chronic poisoning caused by Cd is damage to the body's physiological systems such as breathing , blood circulation , olfactory , and damage to the reproductive glands , kidneys , heart and fragility
4 . Against Air Pollution Impact Aesthetics

      Aesthetics is the impact of such pollution on the pollution that occurs in coastal recreation area , when the place is polluted with it will be very disturbing to the venue Estetikadi .

      Other examples such as the river if the many rivers in the garbage polluting it will be very disturbing aesthetics of the river because the river will look dirty , because the pool of waste that pollute the river .
III . Soil pollution
a. Definition
Contamination of land is entered or the inclusion of living things , matter , energy , and or other components into the soil and changing the order of the land by human activities or natural processes so that the quality of the soil and the other descending to the level which can lead to certain soil can be less or no longer function according intended.
example :
The pollution caused by a lot of trash , both organic and nonorganic . The organic waste can be described by soil microbes into the top layer of soil called humus soil . However , inorganic / nonorganic can not be described . Pollutants that remained intact up to 300 years to come . Waste substances that seep into the soil also can not be lost in the long term . Waste substances that enter the soil and absorbed by plants remained settled in the body of the plant , because the plant can not describe it . Industrial waste that contaminates the soil usually is excessive fertilizer and the use of herbicides and pesticides . Contaminants that settle on the plants , continues to move through the food chain and food web . So that it causes a displacement of pollutants in any body of organisms that carry out the process of the food chain . This will cause a decline in the quality of the organism , such as a lack of robustness against interference from outside .
b . Impact of Soil Pollution
1 . Impact of Soil Pollution In Economics
the impact of soil contamination in the economy such as the shortage of soil nutrient elements due to the disposal of plastic waste that can not be broken down by bacteria , can make the soil less fertile due to excessive spraying of pesticides into the soil also can make the soil less fertile , because the bacteria decomposers in ground die because toxic pesticides , and if the farmers grow crops in places such good results are less clear because the land is not fertile , and it reduces the income of farmers .
2 . Soil Pollution Impact on flora and fauna
Examples of the impact of pollution on the flora ( plants ) on land contaminated toxic substances such as pesticides that are in the soil due to excessive use made ​​of plants grown in place not fertile and well developed . Because these plants absorb pesticide substances in the soil . And even these plants can not survive the ground .
3 . Soil Pollution Impact on human health
Industrial waste that contaminates the soil usually is excessive fertilizer and the use of herbicides and pesticides . Contaminants that settle on the plants , continues to move through the food chain and food web . So that it causes a displacement of pollutants in any body of organisms that carry out the process of the food chain . This will cause a decline in the quality of the organism , such as a lack of robustness against interference from outside .
4 . Impact of Soil Pollution In aesthetics
The impact of land pollution directly by humans is the impact of the disposal of organic solid waste from households and industrial activities . Directly impacted by other land pollution is solid waste dump large amounts that will cause the unpleasant sights , dirty and rundown . This often occurs in Final Disposal ( TPA ) or dump station causes scenery around looks less unsightly and affects population psychic around .
REFERENCES
- Www . Google.co.id ?
- Http://www.fajar.co.id/news.php?newsid=47749 ; December 3, 2007
- http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/tugas-kuliah-lainnya/sistem-persampahan
- Hadi Siswanto , MPH , Dictionary of environmental health , publisher of medical books ECG , Jakarta , 2003
- Budiman Candra , Introduction to Environmental Health , publisher of medical books ECG , Jakarta , in 2006