the types of pollution and pollution impact environments

the types of pollution and pollution impact environments
A. Types of Pollution
Environmental pollution is divided into three types , based on place of occurrence , ie air pollution , water pollution and soil contamination . In Indonesia, the environmental damage caused by pollution of air , water and soil have been very critical . Particularly in London and the surrounding areas , ever environmental disasters such as waste, flood and much more . This paper will discuss about the types of pollution and its causes and solutions offered to the environmental damage caused by pollution can diminimalisisi
I. Air Pollution
a. Definition
Air pollution is entered or the inclusion of living things , matter , energy , or other components into the air or changing the order of the air by human activity or by natural processes so that the air quality drops to a certain ketingkatan which causes the air to become less or cease to function in accordance with peruntukanya .
example :
Air pollution caused by exhaust fumes such as CO2 , SO , SO2 , CFC , CO , and smoke cigarettes . CO2 gas that comes from the factory , the machines that use fossil fuel and wood burning result . CO2 levels are increasing in the air can not be readily converted into oxygen by plants because many of the world forests felled each year .

            
b . Impact Air Pencemara
1 . Impact of Air Pollution In Economics
One example of the impact of air pollution in economics as in widespread forest fires in eastern Java so that the smoke haze that pollutes the air very disturbing human activities , especially in the field of flight , Karna smog so thick that eventually cost becomes sparse unlike usual days , and his income was reduced to about 40 % / day .
In addition smog also affects human activity , less human activity outside the home because fear will in respiratory disease , it can cause economic loss to the community because we are not able to search for the necessities of life .
2 . Impact of Air Pollution In Flora And Fauna scope space
The impact of air pollution on plants ( flora ) greatly influenced the development of plant air , if the air is contaminated then interfere with the growth of flora , can become dry and may eventually lead to death , and the effect on the breeding process . Because plants need oxygen for the process of development .
The impact of pollution on Animals ( fauna ) as CFC gases that rise to the top to reach the stratosphere . In the stratosphere there is a layer of ozone gas ( O3 ) , which is the protective earth from the effects of ultra violet radiation . UV radiation can lead to death of the organism , plants become stunted , causing genetic mutations , causing skin cancer and eye cancer . When CFCs reach the ozone layer gas reaction will occur between CFCs and ozone , the ozone layer is perforated so -called ozone hole . SO and SO2 gas is also produced from the combustion of fossil . This gas can react with NO2 gas and rain water and cause acid rain . The rain resulted in plants and animals die land , agricultural production slumped , easily corroded iron and metal , as well as the buildings so quickly fade .
3 . Impact of Air Pollution on Health Human
CO gas inhalation will interfere with breathing . This gas is very reactive so disturbing reminder of oxygen by hemoglobin in the blood . If it continues, can lead to death . CFC gas is used as a gas developers , because not bereaks , odorless , tasteless and harmless . Many used to develop a foam seat , for air conditioning , refrigeration refrigerators and hair spray . However , there was also the ugliness of this gas . CFC gases that rise to the top to reach the stratosphere . In the stratosphere there is a layer of ozone gas ( O3 ) , which is the protective earth from the effects of ultra violet radiation . UV radiation can lead to death of the organism , plants become stunted , causing genetic mutations , causing skin cancer and eye cancer .
4 . Against Air Pollution Impact Esetika
The impact of air pollution on aesthetics is an example in air polluted by smog is very disturbing view of beauty . Because the thick smog that our visibility hindered by smog .
II . Air pollution
a. Definition
Water pollution is entered or the inclusion of living things , matter , energy , and or other components into the water and changing the order of water by human activities or natural processes and the other so that water quality decreases to the level which can lead to certain water can be less or no longer function according intended.
example :
Industrial pollutants include organic pollutants ( liquid waste ) , inorganic pollutants ( solids , heavy metals ) , remaining fuel , kerosene and oil tumpaham is a major source of water pollution , especially ground water . Besides deforestation , good for growing crops , housing and other construction lead to groundwater contamination . Household waste such as organic waste ( food scraps ) , inorganic waste ( plastic , glass , cans ) and chemicals ( detergents , batteries stones ) also plays a major role in the pollution of water , both surface water and ground water . Pollutants in water include chemical elements , pathogens / bacteria and the changing nature of the physics and chemistry of water . Many chemical elements are toxins that pollute the water . Pathogens / bacteria result in water pollution causing disease in humans and animals
b . Impact of Air Pollution
1 . Air Pollution Impact Economy
As in ocean water contaminated by industrial waste the water surrounding the fish will die discredited / migrate or move to another place because the water is not suitable for these fish live , and it greatly affects the fisherman catch fish catches because they will be reduced , and it is mengaurangi income and their income .
Other examples such as the recreation area at the beach if the sea is polluted by garbage it would interfere with the view of the place , it will make the recreational visitors looking for another place / lazy to visiting the place . This makes the Coast Guard or the person who has the tourist income is declining because of the shortage of visitors .
2 . Impact of Air Pollution Flora And Fauna Scope
The impact of pollution on the flora and fauna of the ecosystem when sample fauna in the sea when the sea is polluted with sewage sample , then the oil will affect the fish will live around these waters , and the fish that live around the waters are polluted by sewage will moved to another place and also die because of water contaminated with the waste.
3 . Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health
Water contaminated by E. coli bacteria is very annoying to human health because if human contaminates the water so people can be exposed to the disease dysentery .
Other examples of Cadmium ( Cd ) is becoming popular as a dangerous heavy metals after the onset of river pollution in the region of Kumamoto Japan that caused toxicity in humans . Cadmium contamination in drinking water in Japan causing disease " itai - itai " . Symptoms are characterized by abnormalities of bone and some organs of the body becomes dead . Chronic poisoning caused by Cd is damage to the body's physiological systems such as breathing , blood circulation , olfactory , and damage to the reproductive glands , kidneys , heart and fragility
4 . Against Air Pollution Impact Aesthetics

      Aesthetics is the impact of such pollution on the pollution that occurs in coastal recreation area , when the place is polluted with it will be very disturbing to the venue Estetikadi .

      Other examples such as the river if the many rivers in the garbage polluting it will be very disturbing aesthetics of the river because the river will look dirty , because the pool of waste that pollute the river .
III . Soil pollution
a. Definition
Contamination of land is entered or the inclusion of living things , matter , energy , and or other components into the soil and changing the order of the land by human activities or natural processes so that the quality of the soil and the other descending to the level which can lead to certain soil can be less or no longer function according intended.
example :
The pollution caused by a lot of trash , both organic and nonorganic . The organic waste can be described by soil microbes into the top layer of soil called humus soil . However , inorganic / nonorganic can not be described . Pollutants that remained intact up to 300 years to come . Waste substances that seep into the soil also can not be lost in the long term . Waste substances that enter the soil and absorbed by plants remained settled in the body of the plant , because the plant can not describe it . Industrial waste that contaminates the soil usually is excessive fertilizer and the use of herbicides and pesticides . Contaminants that settle on the plants , continues to move through the food chain and food web . So that it causes a displacement of pollutants in any body of organisms that carry out the process of the food chain . This will cause a decline in the quality of the organism , such as a lack of robustness against interference from outside .
b . Impact of Soil Pollution
1 . Impact of Soil Pollution In Economics
the impact of soil contamination in the economy such as the shortage of soil nutrient elements due to the disposal of plastic waste that can not be broken down by bacteria , can make the soil less fertile due to excessive spraying of pesticides into the soil also can make the soil less fertile , because the bacteria decomposers in ground die because toxic pesticides , and if the farmers grow crops in places such good results are less clear because the land is not fertile , and it reduces the income of farmers .
2 . Soil Pollution Impact on flora and fauna
Examples of the impact of pollution on the flora ( plants ) on land contaminated toxic substances such as pesticides that are in the soil due to excessive use made ​​of plants grown in place not fertile and well developed . Because these plants absorb pesticide substances in the soil . And even these plants can not survive the ground .
3 . Soil Pollution Impact on human health
Industrial waste that contaminates the soil usually is excessive fertilizer and the use of herbicides and pesticides . Contaminants that settle on the plants , continues to move through the food chain and food web . So that it causes a displacement of pollutants in any body of organisms that carry out the process of the food chain . This will cause a decline in the quality of the organism , such as a lack of robustness against interference from outside .
4 . Impact of Soil Pollution In aesthetics
The impact of land pollution directly by humans is the impact of the disposal of organic solid waste from households and industrial activities . Directly impacted by other land pollution is solid waste dump large amounts that will cause the unpleasant sights , dirty and rundown . This often occurs in Final Disposal ( TPA ) or dump station causes scenery around looks less unsightly and affects population psychic around .
REFERENCES
- Www . Google.co.id ?
- Http://www.fajar.co.id/news.php?newsid=47749 ; December 3, 2007
- http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/tugas-kuliah-lainnya/sistem-persampahan
- Hadi Siswanto , MPH , Dictionary of environmental health , publisher of medical books ECG , Jakarta , 2003
- Budiman Candra , Introduction to Environmental Health , publisher of medical books ECG , Jakarta , in 2006

The concept of housing

The concept of housing

     Rumahyang first design that must be considered is the extent of a healthy home , harusdapat meet at least the basic human needs for a healthy activity , in this case means can reasonably perform activities in the room , not too narrow or too large ( Architecture Space ) According to the National Standards Indonesia ( SNI ) , the need for space to house an inmate is 9m2 , with a threshold of 7.2 m2 . So for example, a planned home occupied by four people , then it should not be less extensive than 36m2 house . Nevertheless , we know that the area houses 36 meter2 narrow enough for occupancy 4 people .
The design of the building houses the architecture space arrangement should also be noted that there are no spaces poor fresh air , dark , and so on . Avoid corner spaces with sharp corners because such space is not effective and does not conform with the standards of furniture that is generally rectangular or round . Connect vents and windows for each room with front garden , side garden or in the house for a change of air . Spaces that can be connected as a living room , family room and dining room does not need to be insulating the walls so that air can flow more freely . Design of house to maximize natural lighting , we should provide ample windows , at least 5 % of the area of ​​the room . In addition, the space can be wall paint or finishing material that is light bright enough so that the atmosphere of the room when the window openings are somewhat limited .
Draft Building in spaces that require water such as kitchens , bathrooms , washrooms and so should be grouped in adjacent areas that sanitation is more efficient because the pipes can be put together . Similarly, the upper and lower bathroom , should be in a vertical area ( above the bathroom shower is above the bottom ) so if there is any leakage , simply wet the affected area ( Anonymous , 2010) .

understanding of healthy homes according to experts

understanding of healthy homes according to experts
a. understanding Home
The house is a building which serves as a habitable dwelling , means of family formation , reflecting the dignity of its inhabitants , as well as an asset to its owner ( Law No. . 1 , 2011) . whereas According to WHO , the house is a physical structure or building for shelter , where the environment is useful for physical and spiritual health and social state of good health for the sake of the family and the individual ( WHO , 2001) . According Suharmadi (1985 ) , The house is a dwelling place or refuge from the influence of the surrounding natural conditions ( rain and heat ) as well as a place to rest after doing the activities to meet daily needs .
b . understanding Healthy
According to Law Decree 36 of 2009 on Health Healthy is healthy , both physically , mentally, spiritually and socially to enable more people to live socially and economically productive . According to WHO ( World Health Organization ) defines the notion of " healthy " more detailed as the state of physical health , spiritual , and social good and complete , not just a means to avoid disease or infirmity ( Health is a state of complete physical , mental and social wellbeing , not merely the absence of disease or infirmity ) .
c . Understanding Healthy Homes
Healthy home is a house that is close to the water , is more than a hundred meters from the dump , close to the means of cleansing , as well as being in a place where rain water and dirty water does not stagnate ( Wahid and Chayatin , 2009) . Haryanto Gunawan said that dimaksut and healthy home is the residence of a family that kengkap stand alone , strong construction and meet the health requirements ( Haryanto and Gunawan , 1997) .
Healthy home is a home that can meet the physical and spiritual needs are worthy as a place of residence or refuge from the influence of the great outdoors . Eg physical needs are met physical needs such as reading , writing , and other breaks . Spiritual needs , for example , protection against disease , weather , wind and sebaginnya ( Anonymous , 2009) .

understanding and type of disinfection

understanding and type of disinfection
Disinfection is the destruction of microorganisms that can cause disease. Disinfection is a process to eliminate all bacteria in the water. Disinfection is the final protection for humans against pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease, including the inside of pathogenic bacteria. Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites are very helpful disinfection reduction in the amount of disease that is spread through water and food. Disinfection is divided into two kinds, namely disinfektasi physically and chemically.
Physical disinfection Disinfection can be done physically by means of boiling water, filtration and ultraviolet radiation (UV).
Boiling water Boiling water is the simplest way to kill bacteria and popular. Boiling is very effective and economical way to kill bacteria, only a few bacteria produce endospores are resistant to very high temperatures up to several hours. Endospores can still be harmful to humans, especially when the endospores produced by pathogenic bacteria sort of anthrax. After getting the appropriate place and environment of the endospores of bacteria can be active again.
Screening Screening (usual) is not effectively used because of the very small size of bacteria. Only bacteria attached to solid particles with a size large enough to be filtered. Only 5% of the bacteria that can be filtered with a coarse filter, the filter is 15% smooth, grit chamber with 20% and 30% with primary sedimentation.

                                                      Chemical disinfection
Chemical disinfection is done by adding certain chemicals to kill bacteria called with disinfectant. Disinfectants inhibitory effect (cidal effects) by interacting with one or more targets in the microbial cell. Targets disin-fektan in the microbial cell which peptidoglycan layer, cytoplasmic membrane, outer mem-bran, structural proteins, the thiol group of enzymes, nucleic acids, viral envelope, capsid, or nucleic acid, and a protective layer of spores.
Chlorine Chlorination was first used in the early 20th century. Chlorine (Cl 2) to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which is effectively able to inactivate microorganisms in the water me. The use of chlorine as a disinfectant turns out to have drawbacks, namely: a. The formation of toxic compounds that may be harmful to humans and animals such as THM (Trihalometana) and klorohidroksifuranon which resulted in cancer. b. Increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Kloramin Kloraminasi is disinfecting water using kloramin as a substitute for free chlorine (Cl 2). Use of kloramin turns produces less THM. However, kloramin have the following disadvantages: a. Can be toxic to fish due to oxidize hemoglobin into methemoglo-bin lower capacity to carry oxygen. b. Cause haemolytic anemia in hemodialysis patients.
Chlorine Dioxide Chlorine dioxide is a disinfectant that has the speed and effectiveness better than chlorine to inactivate the bacteria. Chlorine dioxide does not lead to the formation of THM and does not react with ammonia to form kloramin. The weakness of the use of chlorine dioxide as isinfektan are as follows: a. Disrupt thyroid function b. The formation of chlorite and chlorate in water is feared may result in methemoglobinemia
Ozone Ozone was produced by passing dry air to antaa electrode gap and by using AC power with voltages between 8000-20000 volts. Ozone was first introduced as a strong oxidizing agent to remove the taste, color and odor. Oxidant is now used as a disinfectant to inactivate pathogenic bacteria and as THM precursors. The weakness of the use of ozone as a disinfectant bacteria are as follows: a. Ozone leaves no residue in the water so it needs to be combined with other disinfectants. b. The high operating costs. c. Formation of bromate compounds are carcinogens and mutagenic. d. May increase the toxicity of the effluent.
Ozone consists of three oxygen molecules and highly dangerous to human health. Naturally, the ozone generated by ultraviolet light mixing with the atmosphere and formed a layer of ozone at an altitude of 50 kilometers.

impact of contaminants mercury , cadmium and lead in sea

impact of contaminants mercury , cadmium and lead in sea
Pollutants in Marine OrganismsThe sea water is a component that interacts with the terrestrial environment , where the discharge of waste from land will lead to the sea . Besides the sea as well as a water pollutant acceptance ( impure material ) that falls from the atmosphere . The waste containing pollutants then enter into coastal waters and marine ecosystems . Partially soluble in water , mostly sink to the bottom and concentrated to sediments , and partly into the body tissues of marine organisms ( including phytoplankton , fish , shrimp , squid , mussels , seaweed , etc. ) .
Then , the pollutants that enter the water directly absorbed by phytoplankton .
Phytoplankton is a producer and as the first trophic level in the food chain . Then phytoplankton zooplankton eaten . The concentration of pollutants in zooplankton body is higher than in the body due to phytoplankton phytoplankton zooplankton prey as much as possible . Phytoplankton and zooplankton eaten by fish planktivores ( plankton-eating ) as the second trophic level . Fish predation by fish karnivores planktivores ( fish eaters or animal ) as the third trophic level , then preyed upon by predatory fish as the highest trophic level .
Fish predators and long-lived fish that contains high concentrations of pollutants in the body highest among all marine organisms . Shellfish also contain heavy metals that high because of the way the filter feeding water into the gills at any time and participate ingested phytoplankton . Pollutants come into the body and accumulates continuously and can even exceed the concentrations in the water .
These pollutants follow the food chain from phytoplankton to fish predators and ultimately to humans . When these pollutants are in the body tissues of marine organisms in high concentrations , is then used as a food ingredient it will be harmful to human health . Because human health is strongly influenced by the food you eat . Foods derived from polluted areas likely also contaminated . Likewise seafood ( seafood ) from the beach and the sea are polluted also contain high pollutant .
One of the most dangerous pollutants for human health are heavy metals . WHO ( World Health Organization ) or the World Health Organization and FAO ( Food Agriculture Organization ) or the World Health Organization recommends not eating seafood ( seafood ) heavy metal contaminated . Heavy metal has long been known as a toxic element that has the very power of potential and has the ability to accumulate in human organs . Even the few who cause death . Some of the heavy metals that are harmful mercury or mercury ( Hg ) , Cadmium ( Cd ) , Lead ( Pb ) , Copper ( Cu ) , and others .
Mercury
Mercury or Mercury ( Hg ) is one of the heavy metals in liquid form . Mercury pollution in ocean waters caused more by natural factors rather than human factors . Although mercury contamination can occur naturally , but the levels are very small . Mercury pollution on a large scale due to the waste discarded by humans .
Humans have been using mercury oxide ( HgO ) and mercury sulfide ( HgS ) as a coloring agent and a cosmetic material since ancient times . Today the mercury has been used extensively in electronic products , industrial paint manufacture , manufacture of dentures , gold smelting , as a catalyst , and others . The use of mercury as an electrode in the manufacture of caustic soda in the food industry such as cooking oil , dairy products , paper tima , food wrappers also sometimes contaminate the food .
Metal pollution of mercury ( Hg ) received attention since the emergence of cases of Minamata in Japan in 1953 . At that time many people have a deadly disease caused by eating fish , scallops , shrimp and other seafood containing mercury .
Minamata cases that occurred from 1953 to 1975 has caused thousands of people have died from mercury pollution in Minamata Bay Japan . Chisso Chemical industry using mercury chloride ( HgCl2 ) as catalyst to produce acetaldehyde synthesis in which each produce one ton of acetaldehyde produce between 30-100 grams of mercury waste in the form of methyl mercury ( CH3Hg ) are dumped into Minamata Bay sea .
Methyl mercury enters the body is marine organisms either directly from the water and follow the food chain . Then reach high concentrations in the flesh of shellfish , crustaceans and fish which is daily consumption for the people of Minamata . Concentration or content of mercury in the hair of patients in the hospital several Minamata reach over 500 ppm . Minamata community who eat the contaminated seafood in large quantities have nerve disease , paralysis , loss of sense of taste and even many who died .
cadmium
Cadmium ( Cd ) is becoming popular as a dangerous heavy metals after the onset of river pollution in the region of Kumamoto Japan that caused toxicity in humans . Cadmium contamination in drinking water in Japan causing disease " itai - itai " . Symptoms are characterized by abnormalities of bone and some organs of the body becomes dead . Chronic poisoning caused by Cd is damage to the body's physiological systems such as breathing , blood circulation , olfactory , and damage to the reproductive glands , kidney , heart and bone fragility .
Cadmium has been used extensively in various industries , among others, metal plating , metal smelting , coloring , batteries , lubricating oil , fuel . Fuel and lubricating oil containing up to 0.5 ppm Cd , coal contains up to 2 ppm Cd , Cd -containing fertilizers also superpospat even up to 170 ppm . Liquid waste from industry and the disposal of used lubricating oil containing Cd into the waters of the sea as well as the remains of burning fuel that escapes into the atmosphere and then fall into the sea . The concentration of Cd in uncontaminated sea water is less than 1 mg / l or less than 1 mg / kg of marine sediment .
The maximum Cd concentration in drinking water that is allowed by the MOH and WHO is 0.01 mg / l . While the maximum concentration of Cd content in the meat or seafood that is worthy of health recommended by FAO and WHO were less than 0.95 mg / kg . Conversely Director General of Food and Drug Administration recommends no more than 2.0 mg / kg .
reciprocal
Lead ( Pb ) is also one of the heavy metals that have a high toxicity to humans because it can impair brain development in children , causing blockage of red blood cells , anemia and affect other parts of the body . Pb can be accumulated directly from the water and from sediments by marine organisms . Today the release of Pb into the atmosphere increased sharply due to the burning of oil and gas that may contribute to the disposal of Pb into the atmosphere . Furthermore, the Pb fell into the sea following the rain. With the incidence of many countries in the world reduce tetraeil Pb in petroleum and natural gas to reduce pollution Pb in the atmosphere .
WHO and FAO recommends that the concentration of Pb in decent seafood meat consumption is less than 0.715 mg / kg . Instead DG Food and Drug Administration recommends no more than 2.0 mg / kg .