community empowerment in the field of environmental health

community empowerment in the field of environmental health
Activities of community development component includes a series of activities that begins with building a critical awareness of society , to community organizing participatory planning for waste management action plans based on the community , by and for the community .
Community organizing
Organizing activity begins with the activities related to the development of critical consciousness of society , through a series of focus groups or Focused Group Discussion ( FGD ) and mapping of village self-help or Self Survey ( SKS ) , in an effort to encourage people to discuss with the real issues in the field clean water and sanitation are facing and how to solve them , and what is needed to address the problem of clean water and effective sanitation in the form of , among others ; commitments ( individual and group ) , expertise , resources , institutions , organizations and others .
The community organizing process will lead to the formation of cadres who then shared the facilitator actively engage communities , the confirmation process as representatives of the public community agencies that will act as a driving force in the community doing community -based waste management in the region .
Social Marketing Clean Water and Sanitation
The problem of clean water and sanitation is a problem that involves several factors , among others : the public as the perpetrator of the waste , sanitary management of technology and management , each of which each influences the other . Therefore, residents of the community is crucial both as producers , users and implementers of technology management waste management , the involvement of citizens in waste management is a central point in the empowerment of jobs .
Methods of growing awareness and participation masayarkat formulated with the following stages :

    Delivering knowledge about environmental health , sanitation , sanitation technology
    Cultivate the desire to address the sanitation problems
    Provide skills training manufacture of sanitary facilities
    The introduction of the use of sanitary technology
    Provide sanitation facilities at household level and group ( communal )
    Develop a monitoring and evaluation system of sanitation in the RT / RW independently
    Participatory Planning Community Action Plan Community Based Waste Management
Participatory planning is basically a process to identify objectives and translate these objectives into practical actions / concrete and participatory spesifik.Perencanaan survey activities will begin with the village itself , where the activity is intended to map the physical conditions and social environment . To create public trust towards planning results , the survey carried out by the villagers themselves , assisted by community facilitators . The results of the mapping will generate further data about the needs of people who then inventoried for areas of waste and sanitation in accordance with the goals and objectives of the program .
To ensure that the planning was actually done in a participatory manner , assisted by Kader Community Facilitator to facilitate the implementation of the planning in the community by using input data obtained from the survey of the village itself . The results of the participatory planning will then be poured in the Action Plan . The results of the activities of the community action plans are agreed vision and mission of waste management and sanitation in the area of ​​Pilot Projec .
The sense of community in this work are all residents in the target location after going through the process of empowerment can be aware of and understand the condition of the area as well as waste and sanitation problems that need to be addressed and agreed to tackle the problems of waste and sanitation systematically .
In a companion Community Empowerment Process
Facilitator team as project inputs , intensive facilitate Kader Society ; Community institutions and society in general . Team facilitator is part of the consultant team . The task of the facilitator is :

    Socializing is disseminating information on community development programs in water and sanitation issues .
    Disseminate knowledge on environmental sanitation .
    Keep track of all the data in the field of project progress .
    The exercise training activities to strengthen and develop the capacity of community cadres as agents of community empowerment in managing water and healthy sanitation pilot project in the region .
    In carrying out community development , facilitating team tasked among other things with people ( cadres ) facilitating focus groups , develop social institutions relating to the management of safe sanitation ; introduced a wide range of simple technologies integrated water and sanitation ,
    Carry out the task of advocacy , mediation and strategic partnerships ( networking ) among all stakeholders that benefit the community .
    Implement monitoring and evaluation

Toxicology sense , Toxik according to experts

Toxicology sense , Toxik according to experts
Toxicology can be defined as the study of the nature and mechanisms of harmful effects ( toxic effects ) of various chemicals on living organisms and other biological systems . He can also discuss the quantitative assessment of the weight and frequency of these effects with respect to terpejannya ( exposed ) earlier creatures . If the chemical substance is said berracun ( toxic ) , then mostly defined as a substance potentially harmful effect on the specific biological mechanisms in an organism . Toxic properties of a compound is determined by : the dose , the concentration of toxins in the receptor " workplace " , the nature of the substance , or the system bioorganisme bioorganisme conditions , exposure to the organism and shape effects . Therefore, when using istilahtoksik atautoksisitas , it is necessary to identify the biological mechanisms in which the harmful effects that arise .

 While toxicity is the relative nature of a chemical substance , in its ability to cause harmful effects or irregularities on the biological mechanisms of an organism ( Wirasuta , 2006) .
In general , the metal is present in nature in the form of rock , ore , soil , water , and air . Various toxic metal that can cause damage to human organs such substances or heavy metals found in pesticides ( Wikipedia , 2010) .
Toxins are substances or compounds that can enter the body in various ways that inhibit the biological response of the system that can cause health problems , illness , and even death . Generally, a variety of chemicals that have harmful or toxic properties , are known . However , not the case with some types of animals and plants , including some types of crops that it can contain natural toxins , although the levels were very low .
Crops, ie vegetables and fruits contain nutrients , vitamins , and
minerals which are beneficial to human health , and is essential for a healthy diet . However , some types of vegetables and fruits can contain natural toxins potentially harmful to human health . Toxins are substances that are naturally
naturally present in plants , and in fact is one of the mechanisms of these plants against attack by fungi , insects , and predators . The definition of food crops is a group of plants commonly consumed daily by humans .
In this paper we will only discuss the natural toxin contained in plants and how to process that food poisoning hazard can be avoided . Thus the much-needed food crops nutrient content , vitamins , and minerals can be fixed
consumed to avoid its toxic content .

    Plant food containing toxins
Many plant species in the world can not be eaten because it produces toxic content . The process of domestication or cultivation gradually to reduce levels of toxic substances contained by a plant that crops
contain toxins we consume with much lower levels than wild -type relatives ( wild-type ) . Decreased levels of toxic compounds in plants that have been cultivated is influenced by environmental conditions where the growth . Because of the toxins produced by plants is one way to fight predators , it is not surprising that modern crops are much more susceptible to disease . Several groups of toxins found in plants that we commonly consume , there are some fat -soluble and can be bioaccumulative . This means that when the plant is consumed , then these toxins are stored in body tissues , eg solanine in potatoes . Toxicity in plants can vary widely . It was influenced by the circumstances in which they grow ( drought , temperature , mineral content , etc. ) as well as disease . Different varieties of the same plant species also affects the levels of toxins and nutrients it contains .
A.Pencemaran pesticides on human health
Pollution Case Against Pesticides on Human Health Pesticides are not only toxic to the target organism but also against other organisms such as humans and pets . Pesticides can enter or be toxic in some way that is swallowed ( oral ) , inhalation ( nasal / respiratory tract ) , skin or eyes . Symptoms of poisoning are directly visible due to exposure to pesticides / poisons an acute poisoning while if new symptoms seen after repeated or long-term exposure to toxins is a chronic poisoning .
No we know there are many different types of pesticides stored at home . This pesticide is used not only in homes but also used in the yard and garden to protect plants from weeds and other destructive animals . Children are the main victims of poisoning in this case because of the high curiosity desires and behaviors are happy to enter what is found in his mouth .
There are 4 processes experienced by toxic materials within the organism , ie the absorption , distribution , metabolism and secretion . Any toxic material passes into the four processes . That begins with the entry of toxic material is then distributed or disseminated along with blood circulation. After the distribution process will be absorbed or in absorption with nutrients needed by the body and experience the process of metabolism in the human body , after the process of metabolism , the body will excrete the rest of the metabolism of the body is called the secretion process . To know the negative effects of the toxicant in the body , need to know about toxic substances and human biological system and the interaction between them . Toxic substances will be carried by the blood and distributed throughout the body and then interfere with the body's organs , among others : neurotaksik poisoning , toxic substances will be carried to the brain , or toxic substances will be stockpiled and processed in the fat tissue , muscle , bone , nerve , liver , pancreas , intestine and then after going through the process - the rest will be secreted out of the body .
In general have a lot of evidence that a chemical compound found side effects of pesticides on human health . Several types of diseases that have been studied can be caused by a side effect of the use of pesticide compounds include leukemia , multiple myaloma , lymphomas , soft tissue sarcomas , prostae cancer , skin cancer , stomach cancer , melanoma , brain disease , liver disease , lung cancer , and nerve tumors ovarian neoplasms . Apart from that , some pesticide compounds have been shown to be a factor " Carsinogenic agent " in both animals and humans , that there were 47 kinds of pesticide active ingredients found proved as Carsinogenic agent in animals , and 12 species again terbuti as Carsinogenic agent in humans . Petisida compounds that have been shown to cause disease in humans include aminotriazole , chloramben , chlorobenzilate , chlorothalenil , ethylene dibromide , pentachlorophenol , formaldehyde , MCPA , Ethylene thiourea , and so on .
In general , the compounds of pesticide poisoning can be observed based on the class of pesticides used in the field . This phenomenon is often found in the workers directly related to pesticides as well as workers at the location kepabrikan worker who directly use the pesticide compounds against the target organism . In the class of pesticides that have active ingredients of organic chlorine as Endrin , aldrin , endosulfan , dieldrin , lindane ( gamma- BHC ) and DDT , which can be caused by poisoning symptoms can include nausea , headaches and could not concentrate . At high doses can occur convulsions , vomiting and respiratory barriers may occur . This is caused because the organic chlorine compounds affect the central nervous system , especially the brain .
In organic phosphate compounds , symptoms may include headache , dizziness , weakness , pupils shrink , visual disturbances , shortness of breath , nausea , muntal , abdominal spasms , diarrhea , chest tightness and heart rate decreases . These compounds inhibit the enzyme activity in the patient's body kolonestrasi . At carbamate , almost invisible for toxicity symptoms clear , the process works well kolinestrase inhibit enzymes in the body , but the reaction is reversible and more work on the network rather than in blood plasma . Who entered the compound category is aldikarb , carbofuran , methomyl , and carbaryl propoksur .
Effect of pesticide waste generated by the living creatures , especially humans consists of two categories: acute effects and chronic effects . Acute effects can cause nervous system damage as a result of the form , damage to the digestive system , cardio vascular system damage , respiratory system damage , skin damage , and death . Meanwhile, the chronic effects can cause carcinogenic effects ( drivers of cancer ) , mutagenic effects (plunger body cell mutations ) , teratogenic effects ( birth defects driver ) , and damage to the reproductive system . Parts of organs affected are : Kidney ( generally caused toxic substance cadmium ) ; - Bones ( generally caused by toxic substances Benzene ) ; - Brain ( generally due to toxic substances Methyl Mercury ) ; - Liver ( generally caused by toxic substances Carbon - Tetrachlorida ) Lung ( generally caused by substances toxic Paraquat ) ; - Eyes ( generally due to toxic substances Khloroquin ) .
B.Kerakteristrik toxins in the environment
Waste is the waste generated from the production process both industrial and domestic ( household ) . Where people live , that's where various types of waste will be generated . There is garbage , no water toilet ( black water) , and there is waste water from a variety of other domestic activities ( gray water ) .
Solid waste better known as junk , which is often undesirable because their presence has no economic value . When viewed chemically , this waste consists of organic chemical compounds and inorganic compounds . With concentration and a certain quantity , the presence of waste can have a negative impact on the environment , especially to human health , so it is necessary to the handling of waste . The level of hazard posed by the waste poisoning depend on the type and characteristics of the waste .
Many waste gases caused by the factory or industry , which also led to some kind of harmful toxic substances polluting the environment . Many types of gas and gas particles escape through the chimney of a factory or dust catcher should be as small as possible in an effort to prevent environmental damage . Types of toxic gases , among others, SO2 , CO , NO , lead , ammonia , acid sulfide and hydrocarbons . Air pollution can occur in a reaction between two or more contaminants . For example, photochemical reactions , ie reactions that occur due to ultra violet rays of light matahari.589 Then gas oxidation reaction with the metal particles to the air as a catalyst .

    C. Substance antitoksik
Currently humans are often exposed to toxic substances either from food , water and the environment . At home it does not mean harmless because there is still a possibility of toxicity of insecticides and herbicides . Depending on the properties owned by the toxic substance , so it can be absorbed through the stomach , intestines , or lungs and skin .
Fortunately , the liver ( liver ) have the ability to detoxify the toxic substances that can be excreted through the urine , bile and air . However , if the speed exceeds the speed of absorption of its excretion , the toxic substances will accumulate in the critical concentration and result in the toxic effects of these substances . Tosik substances such as sulfide , arsenic , heavy metals may enter the body and cause toxic effects . For that , it takes antitoxic substances such as iron poisoning Desferrioksamin akut.Untuk Metansulfonat for the selection and use of antidotes and substance right antitoksik good you should consult a doctor . Medicastore online pharmacy you can search for antidotes and antitoxic substances by typing in search engines medicastore . So you can choose and buy the appropriate antidotes and substance antitoksik your doctor prescribes .
REFERENCES
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioteknologi
http://www.netdetectiveindonesia.org/t3407-antidotum-zat-antitoksik
http://kesmas-unsoed.blogspot.com/2011/01/makalah-pengaruh-zat-toksik-terhadap.html

understanding and human rights demonstrations

understanding and human rights demonstrationsThe demonstration is a way of presenting the modeling and demonstrates or cause any problems to public.Sedangkan rights are human rights which are owned by and under the joint obtained by birth or in the presence of the man himself masyarakat.Hak human life possessed by every human being without knowing the difference nation , race , religion or sex because of the nature of human rights and universal.Dasar of all new human rights is the opportunity to develop in accordance with the dignity and thus martabatnya.Namun menunukan that the position of human history with their human rights were not always obtained so saja.untuk obtain their rights it is not uncommon to require a series of human struggle that was often manifest in the form of resistance revolusi.Sejarah noted many instances either individually or in groups to the authorities or other groups in order to fight for what is considered the right

            In the end, various groups are trying to formulate parts of the world and fight for their rights , the desire arises every time the treatment occurs merendehkan manusia.dalam dignity of mankind since the beginning of history of ancient Egypt ( 6000 BC ) there has been a struggle for the recognition of human rights in this struggle Socrates and plato regarded as the pioneer and founder of the recognition of the rights of various groups assi manusia.selanjutnya in parts of the world are trying to formulate and fight for the right - haknya.secara row in the history of birth some human rights charter , among others :

    1 . Magna Charta ( 1215 )
    2 . Petition of rights ( 1689 )
    3 . Habeas Corpus Act ( 1679)
    4 . Bill of Rights ( 1689 )
    5 . La Declaration de thome et du Citoyen ( 1789)
    6 . The Four Freedoms ( 1941)
Finally, on 10 December 1949 in formulating human rights in the manuscript internasional.Naskah it was then known as the Universal declaration of human rights ( universal declaration of human rights ) .
B DECLARATION BY UN Human Rights

             After the second world war ended in 1945 which marked the country 's surrender to the allies Japan and Germany as well as many Asian and African countries were independent , formed an agency which holds internasiona dunia.Badan international countries throughout the so-called United Nations UNO abbreviated Of Organization And ditrejemahkan be united nations ( UN ) .

            The UN Charter has placed human rights as one of the goals of internasional.Pergaulan The international cooperation among independent nations which are based on the principles of freedom and the elimination of discrimination race , sex , language , and religion

            At the 10th session of the general assembly of December 1948, the UN declared a general statement of human rights through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights independent .
B.Peraturan Chief of Police No. 1 of 2009 on the Use of Force .
There are 6 levels of resistance the actions of police in escorting the demonstrators are:

    1 . Level 1 - > fixed somewhere illegally
    2 . Tertiary 2 - > oral disobedience
    3 . Level 3 - > Passive resistance
    4 . Level 4 - > Active Resistance
    5 . Level 5 - > Resistance aggressive
    6 . Level 6 - > The threat of immediate serious injury or death
Passive resistance is a condition in which the perpetrator did not attack but they disturb the actors or regarded as a sign of public order and safety
Active resistance is a situation where the actors are trying to escape from police members who try to control the offender .
Aggressive resistance is a physical assault from the perpetrators so as to cause detours to police members and the community with the goal of police members can not control it
Immediate threats that cause severe injuries and death is no longer a condition where the offender intended to escape or injure members of the national police was arrested for using a tool or weapon that can cause serious injury or death to members of the Police and surrounding communities
For resistance levels one and two are still being safe , which is not used to handling the tool or weapon . As for the three levels are already using their bare hands techniques - techniques such as locks or guard , to level four martial technique of using a punch and a kick which caused minor injuries . For five levels using blunt weapons such as tear gas , water cannons , batons T.khusus new six -level use of firearms , the use is only justified if it is the only option available to stop the perpetrator must act with consideration of the logical and reasonable of members of the national police tersebut.sehinga can stop the perpetrator of the actions that can endanger the lives of members of the police or the public sekitar.disini course, we must realize that no matter how good a rule as perfectly as any made ​​but , there are imperfections in it that is manusia.para implementing this rule is human beings if they are not robots who commanded A then A will execute until their energy is depleted human emotions that have ordinary , everyday people who limit their respective tolerance to everything , they are ordinary human beings can bleed if injured the same as we just only difference they devote jiwaraganya sake of the nation and the State Indonesia.masi many members of the national police who work in accordance with the corridor where they are willing to work during the holidays , they want to stand on the streets with no matter the weather just to overcome the congestion that has no end and we do not reject the fact that many police brash but we also saw a lot of cops who 've actually performing their duties and functions .

          
C. ACTION OR DEMONSTRATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS

            After we noticed the last couple of situations related to acts of violence committed by the extreme FPI already can not be ignored and should we lawan.apalagi after we heard yesterday that they had more barbarous murder of the police in the case of Ahmadiyah congregation of violence and there is only silence mendukung.Pihak indication they even let the police or the government always cases of violence and human rights violations , we can only take refuge in ourselves and solidarity among fellow defenders
Safety tips during the action and demonstrations include:
1.pihak organizers working with legal aid to be the closest legal representation if there is violence or demonstration participants were arrested by the police or extreme groups FPI , The point is this lawyer friends will accompany the legal process for those for those who become victims of violence in the demonstrations .
2 . Faction of legal aid makes a core group that became contac person who can be contacted if there are friends who need legal assistance when arrested or investigated by kepolisian.No HP or Phone No. which can be reached by the legal aid at least three more contac person if it is getting better , number contac person it is very important to be related to many cases invgestigasi and violence that occurred at the time of the action and the victims no legal assistance sehin ggga not berimbang.setiap the right not to speak when in an investigation if there is no legal assistance or pengacara.dan every person is entitled to legal assistance in any case .
3.We know sring time women were subjected to sexual violence in various demonstrations in various Negara.bagi protesters mepelajari women is essential for self-defense if there is no indication of sexual assault or harassment by police or when demonstrasi.sangat extremists also important to obtain information tips on what to do if experiencing harassment or sexual violence during demonstrations .
4 . eating and drinking enough before action demonstrasi.energi very important in this demonstration because we buruhkan energy to think and indulge in action is possible demonstrasi.jika party organizers can arrange the adequacy of food and drinks for the demonstrators to raise funds or assistance of those who are concerned for the availability or the parties could prepare himself demonstrators from home

papers factors affecting food production stages , Nugget

papers factors affecting food production stages , Nugget
Nugget is one of the frozen meat processed products . This product has a long shelf life , with storage in the freezer can reach 2 weeks . The meat must be ground before being used , making it easier to set up at a later stage . The main materials used are fish , which will give the desired product texture , because it has a protein content of myofibrils .
Other supporting materials , namely salt , water , fillers ( filler ) , emulsifiers , and spices . Works to increase the solubility of salt , because the existing myofibrils proteins in the meat just dissolved in saline solution . Water is useful to provide an aqueous properties and also increase the yield .
Fillers and emulsifiers are used in these products are tapioca flour and egg yolk which serves to bind water and fat . Spices such as pepper and garlic in addition to providing a distinctive smell and taste , is also able to extend the shelf life .
A. Purpose Umun
1 . Common purpose .
The purpose of this is as diversified nagget processed meat products , for mengatuhi nagget manufacturing process and add economic value and to preserve food over the
Frozen food ( frozen food ) has been around since about 3000 BC , when the ancient Chinese society started using ice to keep foods in all winter . Similarly, the Romans were using the snow to freeze food . For the first time in 1930 in Springfield , Massachusetts , a man named Clarence Birdseye introduced frozen foods such as vegetables , fruits , seafoods , and meats are sold to the public under the trademark Birdseye Frosted Foods ? . In Indonesia, the frozen food was introduced by the Chinese and Japanese .
In general, the manufacture of frozen products through several stages ranging from preparation of raw materials ( raw materials ) , the process of molding / forming ( for products such as meatballs , nuggets ) , coatings ( coatings ) , menggorengan ( frying ) , membekuan ( freezing ) and packaging (packaging ) . One example of a frozen meal that is mostly found in the market nuggets, especially chicken nuggets with a variety of forms. The raw materials are being used more in the form of frozen meat (beef , fish or chicken ) .
Nugget making process begins with the preparation of the raw materials that do tempering / withering , frozen meat stored in a cold room ( chill room ) to raise the temperature of the meat is desired , with certain standards . The next process is milled with a tool minced meat ( meat grinder ) to get the desired size of the meat . At this point also made ​​by mixing the emulsion of oil, water and soy protein . The tools used for the manufacture of emulsions such as chopper engine , the same tools in the making of pasta meatballs . Furthermore, emulsions and mixed ground meat along with other spices to form a dough ( meat mix ) . At this stage of industrial -scale sometimes used CO2 gas or similar to get the meat mix to a certain temperature to be easy to be printed , or stored in advance in the cold room .
Factors affecting food production stages ( nugeth )
1 . Acceptance of food and preparation .
Fish freshness could be determined by observing the physical appearance , eyes , gills , texture , and smell . While still fresh , the fish looks bright , shiny silvery suit type . Mucus on the surface of the body did not exist until a thin , clear , and watery . Scales firmly entrenched and not easily separated , intact stomach , and anus closed . Eyes convex , bright , clear white , black pupil , not bloody . Bright red gills are not slimy or slightly slimy . The texture of the meat is solid , flexible , and if pressed quickly recovered . The smell of fresh or slightly fishy .
However , once the fish dead fish began a process of destruction . The first occurred is autolysis caused by the activity of enzymes that exist in fish . These enzymes work uncontrolled causing a reshuffle in the body of the fish , especially protein . Quality fish began to fall . The appearance of the fish becomes more bleak , not bright , easily dislodged scales , eye redness , brown or opaque . This process produced simple compounds like bacteria .
Materials needed to make fish nuggets that fish meat , tapioca flour , ice , and spices .
* Meat fish
The main ingredient for fish is fish meat nuggets from one type of fish or meat mix several types of fish . More delicious taste of the fish meat more savory flavor nuggetnya anyway . Fish meat is used only white meat only. White meat can be obtained from white-fleshed fish , such as snapper , grouper , mackerel , fish cunang or dimly ( Congresox talabon ) .
Red -fleshed fish species are not good nuggets made ​​unless the fish also have white meat and red meat mudahdipisahkan . For example tuna , skipjack , tuna , and bloating . In addition , the type of fish used also determines the texture and yield nuggets obtained . Species of fish fat and slightly prickly produce a high yield .
* Starch and wheat flour
In order nuggetnya delicious , good tekstumya , and high quality , the amount of flour used should be approximately 10-15 % of the weight of the meat . Wheat flour is used as a dye for nuggets .
* Wheat bread
Bread flour is used to bind nuggets taste half so when they are cooked or stored in the freezer .
* Cooking oil
Cooking oil is used for cooking or frying frozen nuggets that have been sprinkled with bread crumbs and so ready to be served .
* Ice
Another important ingredient in the manufacture of nuggets is ice or ice water . Ice should be used ice cubes .
* Seasoning
Seasoning salt in the form of fine , while the flavor is made from a mixture of garlic and pepper . Salt used about 2.5 % and about 2 % penyedapnya seasoning of the meat weight . As flavorings can also be used seasoning mixture of garlic , and onions . Should not use food flavoring rnonosodium glutamate or MSG .
2 . Processing .
* Fish weeded so that the stomach contents are a source of enzymes and bacteria do not damage the fish meat . Once washed and weeded fish filet made ​​.
* Meat sliced ​​fish towards the tail until the meat is separated from the bone . Furthermore , fish and meat sliced ​​from behind the tail to the head . That not a lot of meat left on the bone , bone sticking a knife somewhat suppressed .
* Having a separate meat from bones , fish skins are separated in order to obtain meat -free bones and skin . However , not all types of fish easily skinned.
* Filet of fish washed thoroughly with running water or washed in a bath to remove impurities and residual blood . Always add sufficient ice to retard degeneration because of the freshness of the fish fresh fish nuggets produced the better .
* Handling ( sorting , weeding , manufacture filet , leaching ) fish should be done in a clean , protected from the sun and protected from the possibility of physical damage ( eg trampled , squashed ) .
* Spices - Seasonings (garlic , onions , salt and flavoring destroyed ) .
* Seasoning crushed mixed with ground beef and then milled starch and added with ice water .
* Shape dough nuggets to taste ( round , oval , stick , etc. ) and then frozen ( at least 12 Hours )
* When it is frozen then thawed flour and starch with water , then grab the frozen nuggets and dip them into the flour mixture .
* Sprinkle with bread crumbs .
* Fry in hot oil .
* Ready to be served before being fried or save it back in the freezer
3 . Packaging and Storage .
Further nuggets passed into the oven . At this stage , given the nugget of saturated steam heat / steam so that the full maturation . This process is also useful to help improve the texture of the final product . The next stage of the freezer frozen nuggets individually quick freezing ( IQF ) freezes up perfectly . Freezing temperature plays an important role to save power nuggets .
If you have not had first sent nuggets can be stored in a refrigerator or a refrigerator at 5 ° C. Such storage , temperature of 5 ° C. awake For long-distance transmission , need to be packaged and frozen nuggets in the freezer and kept in cold storage .
do attractive packaging so that the consumer interest . Good packaging is plastic and using the vacuum so it can last a long time . Packaging is designed to be able to represent our products . It is important to show the nugget in the packaging so that people are interested in our products when new saw . In the package we should include raw materials and expiry dates .
4 . Marketing .
After the technological aspects , the most decisive aspect of the success of a business before the business starts is marketing planning . Marketing is also a determinant factor after the business is run . To create a marketing plan , required knowledge of the planned product marketing . Therefore, this aspect should be studied well .
Marketing issues that need to be learned especially is an area of marketing and market demand . Equally important is knowledge about the nature and absorbency of each market to the desired product , the requirements are required , the number of suppliers or competitors and the entire supply volume , distribution channels and marketing systems , payment methods , and so on .
PROBLEM WHICH OFTEN HAPPENS
1 . Effect of the addition of flour type on the quality of the product .
The breading is starchy used to coat food products ( coatings ) . The breading is an essential part of the process of making frozen food , franchise industry and other food industries .
Crispness products dibreading make the product more palatable danlezat . Moreover coatings can be used to protect the product from dehidrasiselama penyimpanan.Pre - frying is the most important step in the application process breading.Tujuan pre - frying is to attach teping on the product so that the product can be further processed by the freeze to be distributed to consumers . In addition , pre - frying will give color to the product , forming a crust on the product after frying , giving penampakkangoreng ( fried ) on the product , as well as contributing to flavor the product .
2 . Effect of the addition of meat to the quality of the product
The meat is divided into red and white meat types , depending on histology and biochemical differences . Red meat has the smooth muscle fibers and contains a lot of myoglobin , mitochondria , enzymes respirsi associated with high levels of muscle activity and glycogen content is low . Therefore, the addition of a lack of good meat can affect the quality of food products produced
3 . Effect of heating process on product quality nuggets .
The process of decomposition products of meat or fish may occur due to changes in the effects of a certain enzyme activity , bacterial activity and other MO .
Usually the cause of the above activities can be reduced or inhibited growth when the environmental temperature is lowered , for example by the use of low temperature . In practice includes the use of low temperature refrigeration and freezing . Products are refrigerated or frozen fish has awetyang temporary power , meaning that the fish products will remain in good condition if tetapdisimpan at low temperatures , where it has been moved to a place yanglebih high temperature will cause lasting power of the product it will turuh drastically .
Basically the process of cooling or freezing fish or dagingmempunyai same principle of reducing or stopping at sekaliaktivitas cause decay . The second difference lies in the process used suhuakhir , but can cause lasting power different . Suhuakhir used in the cooling process is 0 ° C , whereas at the end of the freezing temperatures can reach - 42oC . Effect of cooling on food products is divided into two , namely : 1 ) . The decrease in temperature will result in a decrease in chemical processes , microorganisms , and biochemical related damage ( decay ) , and other decay - elsewhere.2 ) . At temperatures below 0 ° C , the water will freeze and form ice separated from the solution are similar in terms of water evaporated suhu.Perubahan drying or a decrease in the chemical and food products during freezing penyimpanandingin can be maintained to a minimum , then the quality of frozen food dapatdipertahankan term long time ( Eddy , 1989) .
REFERENCES
http://norisk85.wordpress.com/2008/11/21/pembuatan-nugget-ikan/
file :/ / / C :/ Users/agus/Desktop/d0C/percobaan-pembuatan-Nugget.htm
http://www.kulinologi.biz/preview.php?view&id=52

impact due to the depletion of the ozone layer in the air

impact due to the depletion of the ozone layer in the air
Ozone hole
The Antarctic ozone hole is caused by the depletion of the ozone layer between a certain height around the Antarctic in the spring . The formation of ' holes ' that occurs every September and recovered to normal on through the spring or early summer .
In October 1987 , 1989, 1990 and 1991 , the ozone hole has been traced throughout extensive Antarctic with 60 % increase in ozone reduction compared with the pre - ozone hole surface . In October 1991, the lowest level ever recorded atmospheric ozone have occurred across Antarctica .
Deterioration of the global ozone
Background and satellite measurements showed a significant reduction in the number of column ozone in the winter and summer for both the northern and southern hemispheres at middle and high latitudes . This downward flow was found in 1980 is rather large when compared with 1970. There was no statistically significant flow can be determined for the tropics during the 1980s . With the advancement of computer models for stratospheric ozone destruction can explain the observation of the flow of the amount of ozone in the mid- height of the summer , but only a portion of it in the cool season . This is significant for the future of the global ozone changes can not be predicted anymore .
satellite
The use of satellites around the pole like a NASA satellite that carries equipment Nimbus7 " Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer " ( TOMS ) have revolutionized the monitoring of ozone since 20 years ago . Good notch above the horizon and the ability of each satellite to travel landscape around the world , providing better coverage of the ground stations . This is a very high value to determine the global flow . The accuracy of satellite sensors use the same principle with the Dobson spectrophotometer .
Dobson spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometer was first created in 1920 by Gordon Dobson to measure the amount of ozone . Today there are approximately 80 types of tools to use throughout the world in measuring the amount of ozone . Dobson ozone spectrophotometer measure by comparing the amount of UV radiation at a distance of two . One powerful traceable wavelength with ozone when the other one does not . The difference between the sum of the two beams is directly related to the amount of ozone .
ozone sonde
Ozone sonde is an electrochemical cell and a radio conductor that is attached to a balloon containing hydrogen gas that can reach a height of approximately 35 km . Air put in a small cell with a pump . Solvents mixed with ozone in the cell , producing currents that yield electrically equal to the amount of ozone . Cues from the top of the code and the modified cells delivered to the recipient via a radio station . From the release of balloons to failure , typically about 35 km , is providing a sprinkling uprise sonde ozone .
Measures world
In 1975, human activity is feared would threaten the ozone layer . By the request of the " United Nations Environment Programme " ( UNEP ) , WMO Global Ozone Research and start Monitoring Project to coordinate monitoring and investigations of ozone in the long run .
All data from monitoring the worldwide footprint delivered to the World Ozone Data Center in Toronto , Canada , is available to the international scientific community .
In 1977 , UNEP expert meeting to take action against the World Plan of the ozone layer ; in 1987, UNEP Montreal Protocol took over materials that reduce the ozone layer .
This protocol introduces a set of capacities , including a schedule of actions , overseeing the production and the release of CFCs into the environment. This allows the level of use and the associated production of CFCs to descend to the level during 1986 in 1989 , and a reduction of as much as 50 % in 1999