development of learners

development of learnersPersonal development is all he needs and requires compliance related issues that can not be equated with other individuals . Therefore , each person will by itself will reveal the typical traits that are different from other personal . In addition , in this life in need of harmony between the physical needs and nonfisiknya . Physical needs of each person needs to fulfill , for example through a person needs to breathe with relief , need to eat well and fairly , need enjoyment and security needs . With regard to the socio - psychological aspects , each person requires the ability to control behavior and emotions as well as a means of communication for socializing . Thus , the problem of private life is a form of integration between physical factors , socio-cultural , and psychological factors . In sampinhg , an individual also requires the recognition of the other party about her self-esteem ,
either from his own family , and from outside the family .
* The factors that influence the development of personal

         The development of a person's life is also determined by heredity and environment . Nativism flow states that an individual would be '' the '' as is that has been determined by the ability and nature brought since he was born . While the flow of empiricism to the contrary that an individual described as the paper / wax that is still white. He would be a '' human '' as in wills by the environment. Both flow illustrates that the talent and influence of environmental factors together have an influence on personal development .
* Individual differences in personal development

         Socio-cultural environment that affects the lives of an individual's personal development is complex and heterogeneous . Both the natural environment and the environment created for the purpose of personal formation of children and adolescents , each has different traits . Therefore, it can briefly say that the personal development of each individual varies also according to the environment where they are in proportion.
* The influence of the personal development of behavior

         Life is a series of continuous process of growth and development . The state of the present life is influenced by previous life , and the circumstances that will come a lot is determined by the current state . Thus , a person's behavior is influenced by the results of the development process in a previous life and his journey to integrate with current events now .

          Can say that if since the beginning of the development of private life is formed in an integrated and harmonious , it can be expected that the behavior is a manifestation of personal aspects will be good .
* Efforts to develop private life

         Personal life is a series of processes of growth and developments , need to be prepared properly . It is necessary for habituation in terms of :
a. Healthy living and regular as well as a good use of time .
b . Chores and everyday practical work independently and responsibly.
c . Community life by association with fellow
d . Problems of ways of solving in the face .
e . Following the rules of family life with full responsibility and discipline
f . Perform the roles and responsibilities of family life
B. understanding the life and career education

    

          Education is life experience learning in biological processes throughout his life , both inside and outside the education track school . In connection with the development of learners , educational life in good faith experienced by adolescents as learners within the family , school , and community or life . While the life of one's career is a life experience in the world of work . Events of a teen 's entry into the world of work is an early work experiences in life ( career ) . Both in the educational life and career life , the teens gain experience illustrates the ups and downs .
* Karasteristik educational life and career
Teenagers already have a clear interest in the particular type of work . For that adolescents consciously knew that in order to achieve a desirable type of work that requires a means of knowledge and skills that should be owned . In addition to an introduction to the education system , young people have a colleague tetrsebut wider environment and he started to get to know other children with a variety of backgrounds family circumstances .
Teens have three living environments that all three have a different style and each assume responsibility in the administration of education . Third it is a family- educational environment , schools and communities .
* The factors that influence the development of educational life and career
a. Socioeconomic factors

    Many family socioeconomic conditions influence the development of children's educational life and career . Economic factors include economic ability of parents and state economic conditions . Many children of high intellectual capability can not enjoy a good education , caused by the limited economic resources of their parents.
b . environmental factors

   Mean that in the environment here includes three kinds . First , the environmental community life , second , home life environment , and the third , the life peer environment .

          
c . Factors outlook on life

 

  View of life itself formed part because of the sunshine . View of the embodiment shown in the establishment of a person's life , especially his stated ideals . Thus in choosing the type of education oriented towards the type of education that can bring a lot of money , for example medicine , economics , and engineering experts .
* The effect of education and career development of life on behavior and attitudes .
Many of the view that it is less beneficial to the school of life , the view that the school can not provide a benefit for him . Teen attitudes towards school education in the paint by karasteristik many teachers are teaching . Though the school , in this case teachers , provide guidance and assess on the basis of objectivity that is not accompanied faktoremosional .
* Individual differences and the development of educational and career

               As is described in another section , about the development of intelak , that educational attainment is influenced by the level of intelligence or aq . In fact iq each individual is different , it will affect the pattern of life in the field of education . Thus , the life of a variation or education will differ due to differences in thinking ability or IQ .

             
* Efforts to develop educational and career life

  Parents need to understand the progress of education both at school and outside of school and outside the family . This is a high value , because the norms and conditions that are not too much different between home , school and community life harmony can be achieved .
a. Career development of adolescents

   Career development of adolescents who think there ginzberg tentative period ( 11-17 years ) was marked by the widespread introduction of the child to a variety of problems in deciding what will work in the future kerjakannya . The tentative period includes four stages :
1 . Phase of interest ( age 11-12 years )
Teenagers already have a plan and possible career choices based on the interest .
2 . Phase capacity ( 12-14 )
Adolescents begin to use the skills and personal abilities as a consideration in making choices and career plans .
3 . Phase values ​​( 15-16 years )
In this stage of adolescence has been considered crucial role of personal values ​​in the process of career choice .
4 . Phase transition ( 17-18 years )
In this transitional phase of adolescence began to move from realistic considerations were still at the edge of consciousness into a more central position .
b . The problems faced
The problems and obstacles come from within itself , such as is often the case that the interest of teens not in accordance with his ability . To deal with the problem in choosing a career can do the following :
1 ) Know thyself ,
2 ) In what areas you find most difficult
3 ) Write your ideal plan and formally
4 ) Familiarize yourself with the demands of a particular job are you interested in?
5 ) Review and plan your career again talk about it with others
6 ) If it does not fit stop career choice
C. The development of adolescents with regard to family life
1 . Definition of family life

   as has been described above that the adolescent growth Biologically has reached sexual maturity , which means that teenagers are biologically ready to do a production function . Maturity of the sexual function affect adolescent sexual and class has begun attracted to the opposite sex . With regard to efforts to establish a mate choice , social development of adolescent psychological marked by efforts to attract the opposite sex in ways that show in the form of behavior .
2 . The emergence of love and falling in love

     Reasons or factors that mempengruhi someone to fall in love all kinds, include personality factors , physical factors , culture , family background , and ability factors .
3 . Society and marriage

     The selection of a life partner is a task driven development of biological factors . In marital problems every society in the world has a legal and customary rules that guide the community in establishing a life partner . In addition to physical factors and psikologos , other factors are made ​​in consideration in determining the prospective spouses are similarities in terms of race, nationality , religion , and socioeconomic status . Psychologically many teens receive pengruh of environment on family life .

     Taking into account the many factors of life that are in the neighborhood teens , then thinking about the education in the school and outside the school , in general, was held in the classical form . Some effort needs to be done in education , namely :
a. career guidance
b . Provide practical exercises
c . Preparation of a comprehensive curriculum
REFERENCES

           Gunarsa , S.D , and Singgih D. Gunarsa . Practical Psychology : children , adolescents , and families . Jakarta : PT CPC noble mountain , 1991.

    Hurlock , E.B.psikologi development . Jakarta : publisher erlangga , 1990 .

    Monks , et al . Developmental psychology : introduction in the air like parts. Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press , 1988.

    Suryabrata , Sumadi . Educational psychology . Jakarta : C.V eagle , 1991.

2 types of vitamins and their benefits for the body .

2 types of vitamins and their benefits for the body .
Various vitamins and beneficial for the body . Vitamins are needed by our bodies , the exact composition of the vitamin could increase the vitality of the body and maintain stamina and protect our body from the attack of various diseases . Have your vitamin needs are met in the body ? whether the food you eat contains enough vitamins that are needed by the body ?
Vitamins are complex compounds of a substance that is needed by our body that serves to aid the body's regulation or process activity . Without vitamin humans , animals and other living creatures will not be able to perform activities of life and can lead to vitamin deficiencies increase the odds of disease in our bodies .
Vitamins based on their solubility in water :
- Vitamins are water soluble : Vitamin B and Vitamin C.- Vitamins are not soluble in water : Vitamins A , D , E , and K vitamins adek or abbreviated .
1 . vitamin A

    Sources of Vitamin A = Milk , fish , green and yellow vegetables , liver , red fruits and yellow ( red peppers , carrots , bananas , papaya , etc. ) .
    The disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin A = night blindness , cataracts , respiratory infections , immune deficiencies , unhealthy skin , and others .
    Vitamin A : Vitamins are essential for the maintenance of corneal cells to help the growth of bone and teeth formation and hormone regulation to protect the body against cancer . Vitamin A found in many vegetables ( carrots , sweet potatoes , pumpkin , spinach , tomatoes ) , fruits ( papaya ) , milk , cheese , butter , and eggs , if the body lacks vitamin A leads to a decrease in the function of the corneal blindness , changes bone shape , pertumbuhaannya inhibited , forming a gap ( tooth decay ) , atrophy tooth -forming cells
2 . vitamin B1

    Sources that contain vitamin B1 = Wheat , meat , milk , green beans , yeast , rice , eggs , and so on .
    The disease is caused due to deficiency of vitamin B1 = Dry skin / kusik / busik , flaky skin , decreased endurance .
     Vitamin B1 : Vitamins are essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates , treat beriberi , the circumstances which led to an increased need for vitamins B1 , for example during pregnancy . Sources of vitamin B1 : vegetables , nuts milk , egg yolks , potatoes , If the body lacks vitamin B1menyebabkan reduced physical and psychological abilities , no appetite , reduced body weight , impaired function of the stomach and intestines .
3 . vitamin B2

    Sources that contain vitamin B2 = Fresh vegetables , soybeans , egg yolks , milk , and many others .
    The disease is caused by deficiency of vitamin B2 = decline in the immune system , kilit dry scaly , dry mouth , cracked lips , mouth sores , and so on .
    Vitamin B2 : Vitamins are important for prevention of vitamin B2 deficiency that often accompanies pellagra or deficiency of other B vitamins, vitamin B2 Source : yeast , whole grains , eggs , various vegetables , legumes , milk , cheese , and partly synthesized by intestinal bacteria Symptoms of vitamin B2 deficiency is rare in humans . Vitamin B2 is usually obtained with food and synthesized by intestinal bacteria is sufficient , deficiency usually occurs after chronic diarrhea or after long-term therapy with antibiotics or sulfonamides .
4 . vitamin B3

    Sources that contain vitamin B3 = fruits , wheat , yeast , liver , fish , kidney , sweet potatoes , poultry and so on .
    The disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B3 = disruption of the digestive system , muscle cramps and spasms easy , insomnia , fatigue bedan , easy vomiting and nausea , etc.
5 . Vitamin B5 .

    Sources that contain vitamin B5 = Meat , milk , green vegetables , kidney , liver , green beans , and many others .
    The disease is caused by deficiency of vitamin B5 = muscle easily be cramps, difficulty sleeping , skin chapped and flaky , etc.
6 . Vitamin B6 .

    Sources that contain vitamin B6 = Nuts , corn , rice , liver , fish , mashed rice , yeast , meat , and others.
    The disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B6 = pellagra aka chapped skin , muscle cramps , insomnia or trouble sleeping , and many others .
    - Vitamin B6 : Vitamin B6 is used for the high -dose irradiation damage caused , neuritis following isoniazid therapy or Cycloserine , source of vitamin B6 : yeast , whole grains , green vegetables , brain , egg yolk , liver , and milk , Vitamin B6 deficiency is rare in humans .
7 . vitamin B12

    Sources that contain vitamin B12 = eggs , liver , meat , and others .
    Diseases caused by vitamin B12 deficiency or anemia = Less blood , easily tired / fatigue / lethargy / lemes / weakness , skin diseases , and so on .
    - Vitamin B12 : Vitamin is essential for the formation of cells ( including red blood cells ) and maintain nerve cells , sources of vitamin B12 : meat , dairy , fish , poultry ( chicken ) .
8 . vitamin C

    Sources that contain vitamin C = Guava Guava klutuk or stone , citrus , tomatoes , pineapple , fresh vegetables , and so forth .
    The disease is caused by lack of vitamin C = Easy wound infection , bleeding gums , pain in joints , etc.
    Vitamin C : Vitamins are essential for the formation of collagen which helps the absorption of iron , as an antioxidant , a compound producing certain hormones and nerve transmitters . Vitamin C found in oranges and other fruit that tastes sour , chili , broccoli , If the body is lacking vitamin C causes scurvy ( bleeding gums ) , mouth sores , growth retardation in infants and children , easy-going injury and infection of the body .
9 . vitamin D

    Sources that contain vitamin D = fish oil , milk , eggs , cheese , and others .
    The disease is caused by deficiency of vitamin D = Dental will be more easily damaged , otok may experience seizures , abnormal bone growth that usually calf will form the letter O or X.
    Vitamins are essential to help the establishment / maintenance of bone formation and mineral homeostasis , Foods that contain vitamin D : milk , liver , eggs , fish , and fish oil , if the body lacks vitamin D causes gastrointestinal disease ( malabsorption or chronic inflammation of the pancreas ) . chronic renal failure , in children can cause rickets .
10 . vitamin E

    Sources that contain vitamin E = Fish , chicken , egg yolk , sprouts , yeast , vegetable oil , oatmeal , etc. .
    The disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin E = Can both men and women infertile , nerve and muscle disorders , etc. .
    Vitamins are essential to prevent hemolysis of red blood cells and anemia , vitamin E sources : green vegetables , beans , if the body lacks vitamin E may occur hemolysis of red blood cells .
11 . vitamin K

    Sources that contain vitamin K = milk , egg yolks , fresh vegetables , etc. .
The disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin K = Blood hard freezes when injured / bloody / wounded / bleeding , bleeding in the body , and so on . (Source : from various sources ) . 6 . Vitamin K : Vitamin K in the body will affect the enzyme system which synthesizes blood clotting factors , the biggest source of vitamin K comes from green vegetables such as kale and chard , brooli , sprouts , spinach , and cauliflower , If the body is lacking vitamins can cause blood difficult freezes .

Source of Vitamins in food

Source of Vitamins in foodSource of vitamins :
Sources of vitamins are vegetables and fresh fruits every day akonsumsi kit . However, the levels of vitamins in the diet depends on the type of food , how penyimpaan and processing methods .

  Vitamin A is produced by the two compounds are converted by the body into vitamin . Vitamin A derived from animal ( provitamin A ) are available in the form of retinol , while derived from vegetable available in the form of beta-carotene . Beta-carotene which we consume in the small intestine is converted to vitamin

 Vitamins can not be manufactured by the body but must be added through the food we eat . It is no wonder that today many vitamin or multivitamin products sold in pharmacies and drug stores . One of the common vitamins
for sale is a vitamin B complex . These vitamins are sold in the form of multivitamins , milk , and food additives
Ubi contained many vitamins , fiber and minerals that are useful to the body such as vitamin C , vitamin E , vitamin B , vitamin Potassium words have been proposed by an expert biochemical Poland in 1912.Vita nation in Latin bemaksud life and mine - amine is the addition of the amine is word ; you indulge in those crowded that thought bahawa all vitamins are amines and now these errors are into disedari .
Values ​​for consuming certain foods have been known to perpetuate kesihatan long before vitamins are known for sure . People do know that ancient Egyptians gave pesakit eat liver will help treat night blindness , which is now known due to lack of vitamin A. In 1747 , Scotland surgeon , James Lind menyedari bahawa citrus foods helped stymie beriberi (scurvy ) ,
capable of carrying a deadly disease in which collagen is not formed, and the characteristics that emerge are slower to heal wounds , bleeding gums , and excessive pain . In 1753 , Lind published his Treatise on the Scurvy . What results is met , however, is not widely accepted . For example , an expedition to the Arctic Sea Tentera Di Raja in the 19th century , it is widely believed bahawa beriberi be abducted by good personal hygiene on board , senaman periodically , and perpetuate moral accomplice ship , instead of the food permakanan fresh . This resulted Tentera sea expedition it was attacked by the disease beriberi . When Robert Falcon Scott's expedition to Antarctica to do two at the beginning of the 20th century , when it was perubatan theory beriberi disease caused by contaminated food in tin .
Symptoms of vitamin deficiency in humans called " deficiency " . A deficiency of certain vitamins would show the typical symptoms that may be caused by the absence of the vitamin in foodstuffs or available in sufficient quantity , but only a few are absorbed in the digestive system
The things that cause vitamin in foods is lost
1 . The longer foods are stored the more vitamins are lost
2 . Wash your food too long in the water
3 . Food items that have been cut into pieces so that the surface is not directly cooked food so that it can come into contact with contaminated dirt .
4 . In the cooking process uses high temperatures
5 . Using too much water boiled cooking process so much time is wasted .
Loss of vitamins in cooking can be prevented by
1 . Using the temperature is not too high
2 . Cooking time not too long
3 . Using a little cooking water may
4 . Cutting food is not too small so that the vitamins in foods is not much coming out .
5 . Pot should be closed when cooking
6 . Remaining water boilers used for other dishes .

History Safety and K3

History Safety and K3The development of industry in Indonesia Higene is not known when exactly , but the development of industry in Indonesia Higene real test felt a few years after our independence , namely when the emergence of Labour Law and Accident Law . Principles of Industrial and Occupational Health Higene has been loaded in the Act , although it is not or has not been enforced on the spot
Furthermore, by the Department of Labour ( now Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration ) in 1957 established the Labor Health Institute in 1965 which later transformed into the Institute of Occupational Safety and

    Subsequently in 1993 changed again to Higene Corporate Center , Health and Safety .
    In 1998 changed again to Hiperkes and Safety Center .
    The name was changed in 2001 also became Occupational Development Center and Hiperkes .
    And at the end of 2005 the Center for Occupational Safety and Hiperkes
So it is clear that the development of the Company Higene ( Higene Industry ) in Indonesia goes together with the development of Occupational Health ie other than through institutions , also made ​​efforts through the publication of books such as Labour Health Sciences (1965 ) . Company Higene Science and Health ( 1967) , Ergonomics and Work Productivity . Higene Quarterly Magazine Company , Genesis Health and Safety and Social Security also Hiperkes books and Safety Guidelines ( sort of guiding Hiperkes Implementation and Safety Company ) as well as leaflets about the work in the lab manual Hiperkes and others are disseminated to all corners of the Land water .
Health Workers . And in 1966 the function and position in the industry Higene government officials became more obvious that the establishment of the Institute of Company Higene ( Higene Industry ) and Occupational Health in the Department of Labor and Department of Higene Company / Public Sanitation and Health Department at the Ministry of Health Labor . Besides, private organizations are also growing Higene Foundation Company based in Surabaya .
To further Hiperkes existing organization dipemerintahan from year to year is always experienced changes with the following names :

    In 1969 the Institute of Occupational Health Higene Company and transformed into the National Institute of Occupational Health Higene and Company .
    In 1978 turned into Higene Corporate Development Center , Health and Safety .
    In 1983 changed again to Higene Center Corporate Health and Safety .
In 1988 turned into a Service Center Ergonomics , Higene Company , Health and Safety .
Workshops , Guidance Hiperkes Applied Technology and Safety held continuously . In coaching personnel and implemented by organizing training courses in the country , in addition to formal education well organized inside and outside the country .
In terms of the applicable legislation , the Laws concerning Hiperkes contained in the Act , Regulations and the Ministerial Circular of the Minister has been widely published .
Efforts coaching Hiperkes and Safety Laboratory , which began in 1973 to 1993 has established 14 laboratories and Safety Center Hiperkes work located in 14 provinces .

Papers on Human Rights ( HAM )

Papers on Human Rights ( HAM )

    Background
Rights are normative elements inherent in every human being in its application to the scope of the right of equality and the right of freedom associated with the interaction between individuals or by institutions . The right is also something that must be earned . Human rights issue is something that often talked about and discussed , especially in this era of reform . Upheld human rights more and more attention in the reform era of the pre-reform era . Keep in mind that , in the enjoyment of rights, we do not live alone and we live to socialize with other people . Let us not commit human rights violations against others in the business acquisition or fulfillment in ourselves .
The rule of law is a legal doctrine that began to emerge in the century - 19 ,
simultaneously with the birth of the State Constitution and democracy . Ian was born with the flourishing of democracy in line and increasing the role of parliament in the administration of the State and as a reaction to the absolute state that developed previously . Rule Of Law is a common law concept which is whole aspek.Negara uphold the rule of law and principles of justice egalitarian.Latar dibangundiatas behind the birth of the rule of law begins with the idea of ​​limiting the power of government to the State Facilities selected for this purpose and constitution yaitudemokrasi Formulation juridical conception of the State and democracy konstitusionaladalah hukumDi Indonesia , the core of the rule of law is a guarantee for the people adanyakeadilan . Especially social justice
In order for the discussion of this problem is not too extensive and more focused on issues and objectives in this making of this paper , the authors then to limit the scope of the problem only on " Ham & Rule Of Law " .
a) Definition of Human Rights
In Article 1 of Law Number 39 Year 1999 on Human Rights stated that " human rights are a set of rights attached to nature and human existence as a creature of the Almighty God and is His grace that must be respected , upheld and protected by the state , law , government and every person , for the respect and protection of human dignity " .
Based on the above understanding of human rights , it can be deduced about the nature of human rights some of the main features are:
· Human rights need not be given , purchased or inherited . Human rights are part of human automatically.
· Human rights apply to all people without regard to sex , race , religion , ethnicity , political opinion or social origin and nation .
· Human rights can not be violated . No one has the right to restrict or violate the rights of others . People still have rights even if a state makes laws that do not protect or violate human rights ( Mansour Fakih , 2003) .
b ) Definition of the rule of law
The rule of law is a legal concept that is actually born from a form of protest against an absolute power in a country . In order to limit the absolute power it is necessary restrictions on the powers that rule are arranged so as not to violate the fundamental interests of society , with demikia
. Dalamrangka limiting the absolute power makadiperlukan restrictions on the power , so the power is laid out so as not melanggarkepentingan Rights of the people , by demikianmasyarakat avoid actions against hokumyang carried out by the authorities .

    The development of Human Thought

    Divided into four generations , namely :
        The first generation of human rights argue that the notion that only focused on the field of law and politics . The focus of the first generation of human rights thinking in the field of law and politics and the situation caused by the impact of World War II , totalitarianism and the desire Countries newly independent legal order to create something new .
        The second generation of human rights ideas are not only demanding the rights of juridical rights but also social , economic , political and cultural . So the thought of a second -generation human rights shows the expansion of understanding of the concept and scope of human rights . During the second generation , juridical rights received less emphasis so that there is an imbalance in social and cultural rights , economic rights and political rights .
        The third generation in response to the second generation of human rights thinking . The third generation of promising the unity between the economic, social , cultural , political , and legal in a basket called to carry out the development rights . In the implementation of the ideas of human rights of third generation also experienced an imbalance where there is an emphasis on economic rights in terms of economic development a top priority , while other rights neglected , causing many casualties , because a lot of other people's rights are violated .
        The fourth generation of the highly criticized the dominant role of the state in the development process that focuses on economic development and cause negative effects such as the neglect of the people's welfare aspects . Besides development programs being run not by the needs of the people as a whole but meet the needs of an elite group . The fourth generation of human rights ideas pioneered by countries in the region which in 1983 gave birth to the declaration of human rights is called the Declaration of the Basic Duties of Asian People and Government

    Development of thinking stems from the world of human rights :
            Magna Charta
In general, experts in Europe believe that the birth of human rights in Europe started with the birth magna Charta , which contains the view that the king had absolute power ( the king who created the law , but he himself is not bound by laws made ​​) , be restricted power and began to be held accountable before the law ( Mansour Effendi ,

            The American declaration
Further development of human rights is characterized by the emergence of the American Declaration of Independence , who was born from familiar Rousseau and Montesquuieu . Begin emphasized that humans are independent from her mother in the stomach , so it is not logical that after the birth he must be shackled .

            The French declaration
Subsequently , in 1789 was born the French Declaration ( Declaration of France ) , where the terms on the right are specified as stated in the Rule of Law which, among other sounds there should be no arrest without a valid reason . In that respect the principle of presumption of innocence applies , meaning that the people who were arrested , then detained and charged , entitled declared not guilty , until there is a court decision that is final and binding which found him guilty .

            The four freedom
There are four rights of freedom of speech and expression , right to freedom of religion and worship according to the teachings of religious needs, the right to freedom from poverty in the definition of each nation trying to reach the level of a peaceful and prosperous life for its residents , the right to freedom from fear , which include businesses , reduction of armaments , so that none of the nation's desire to be in a position to carry out an attack against another country ( Mansour Effendi , 1994) .

    The development of human rights thinking in Indonesia :
        Human thought pre-independence period were most prominent in the Indische Partij is right to liberty and the right to equal treatment independence .
        Since independence in 1945 until now in Indonesia has 3 Constitution applies in four periods , namely :
            The period of August 18, 1945 until December 27, 1949 , 1945 prevail
            The period December 27, 1949 until August 17, 1950 , the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia applicable United
            The period of August 17 to July 5, 1959 , 1950 Constitution applies
            The period July 5, 1959 to the present , apply Back 1945

    Review of Human Rights in Islam
The existence of the doctrine of human rights in Islam shows that Islam as a religion has placed man as honorable and noble creatures . Therefore , protection and respect for human itself is a doctrine demands that must be carried out by his followers against fellow human beings without exception . The rights given by God it is permanent , eternal and immortal , should not be altered or modified ( Abu Ala Almaududi , 1998) . In Islam there are two concepts of rights , namely the right man ( insan al rights ) and the rights of God . Any rights that underlies each other mutually . God underlies human rights and vice versa . In its application , none of the rights that apart from the two rights , such as prayer .
While in the case of al beings as property rights , every human being has the right to manage its assets .
Islamic concept of human life based on a theocentric approach ( theocentries ) or who puts God through the provision of Islamic law as a benchmark of good bad order of human life both as individuals and as citizens or residents of the nation masyarakjat . As such the Islamic concept of human rights rests on the doctrine of monotheism . The concept of monotheism contains the idea of ​​equality and brotherhood of man . The concept of Tawheed also includes the idea of ​​equality and unity of all beings by Harun Nasution and Bahtiar Effendi called perikemakhlukan idea . Islam came inherently carry the doctrine of human rights , Islamic doctrine of human rights can be found in the teachings of Islam that is the primary source of al - Quran and al - Hadith are a source of normative doctrine , there is also a practice of Muslims life .
Judging from the level , there are three forms of human rights in Islam , first , Darury Rights ( basic rights ) . Something considered basic rights when these rights are violated , not only makes the human suffering , but also the dignity of humanity is lost even its existence . For example , if the right to life is violated then it means the person is dead . Second , secondary rights ( hajy ) that the rights which if not met will result in the loss of rights elementary example , a person's right to obtain adequate food and clothing it will result in the loss of the right to life . Third rights tertiary ( tahsiny ) the right of the lower level of primary and secondary rights ( Masdar F. Mas'udi , 2002)
On Human Rights relating to the rights of citizens , Al Maududi explains that in Islam the first and main rights of citizens are :

                Protect life , property and dignity they together with the assurance that we are not interfered with this right , except for reasons of legitimate and illegal .
                Protection of personal freedom . Privacy can not be violated except after going through the process of convincing evidence is legally and provide the opportunity for the accused to present a defense
                Independence to express opinions and beliefs embraced each
                Guarantees the fulfillment of basic needs for all citizens without distinction of caste or creed . One of the obligation of zakat to Muslims , one of them to meet the basic needs of citizens .

    Human Rights in National Legislation
In Indonesian law there are at least a written legal form which contains rules on human rights . First , the constitution ( Constitution State ) . Second , the provision MPR ( MPR ) . Third , the Act . Fourth , the regulations implementing legislation such as government regulations , presidential decrees and other regulations .
Excess regulation of human rights in the constitution guarantees a very strong because of the changes and or removal of the article in the constitution as the constitutional process in Indonesia has a very heavy and long , including through amendments and referendum , while weakness as stipulated in the constitution only contains rules still such global human rights provisions in the constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which is still global . Meanwhile, when the arrangement of human rights in the form of laws and implementing regulations weakness , the possibility of frequent changes .

    Violations of human rights and human rights courts
Human rights violations are all actions by individuals or groups of people, including state officials whether intentional or unintentional, which legally reduce , impede , restrict or revoke rights and a person or group of persons is guaranteed by this Act , and not obtained or will not feared obtaining settlement law ( law no. 26/2000 on Human Rights court ) . While mild forms of human rights violations in addition to the two forms of the gross human rights violations .
The crime of genocide is any act committed with intent to destroy or obliterate all or some groups of nations, races , ethnic groups and religious groups . The crime of genocide carried out by killing members of the group , causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group , creating conditions of life that will result in physical extermination whole or in part , imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group , and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group ( Law no. 26/2000 on Human Rights court ) .
While it is a crime against humanity is one of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack he knows that such attacks directly aimed at civilians through murder , extermination , enslavement , expulsion or forcible transfer of population , deprivation of liberty or deprivation of physical liberty in other arbitrarily in violation of ( the principles of ) basic provisions of international law , torture , rape , sexual slavery , forced prostitution or other forms of sexual violence are equal , the persecution of a particular group or association that is based on common political beliefs , race , nationality , ethnicity , culture , religion , gender or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law , enforced disappearances , and the crime of apartheid .
Violation of human rights can be done by both the state apparatus and not the state apparatus ( Law no. 26/2000 on Human Rights court ) . Because the prosecution of human rights violations should not be directed only against the state apparatus , but also violations committed not by the state apparatus . Prosecution of human rights violations ranging from investigation , prosecution , and trial of violations should be non - discriminatory and equitable . Human Rights Court is a special court within the context of the general court .

    Penaggung responsible for enforcement ( respection ) , advancement ( promotion ) , protection ( protection ) and compliance ( fulfill ) rights .
Promoting responsibility , respect and protection of human rights are not only borne by the state , but also to the individual citizens . This means that countries and individuals alike have a responsibility towards the promotion , respect and protection of human rights . Therefore , not only the actual human rights violations committed by the state to its people , but also by the people to the people of the so-called human rights violations horizontally .

    Case Examples of Human Rights Violations
                The occurrence of maltreatment in the civil STPDN by senior on the pretext of coaching that led to the death of clips Muntu in 2003 .
                Lecturer who lazy to go to class or lazy to explain to a course to students is a violation of human rights to every student light .
                The merchants who sell on the sidewalk is a violation of human rights of the pedestrians , thus causing the pedestrians to walk on the side of the road so it is particularly vulnerable to accidents .
                Tradisioanal traders who trade on the side of the road is a violation of human rights against lightweight road users so that the users can not enjoy the way the traffic is orderly and smooth .
                Parents who impose his will that his entry in a particular department in the college human rights violations against children , so that a child can not choose majors that match their interests and talents .