Process Waste Handling and Processing Industry In

Process Waste Handling and Processing Industry InWaste treatment aims to eliminate polluting elements from waste water and effluent from processing to get the quality that has to be accepted by the receiving water body without any physical disorder , chemical or biological ( Soedjono , 1991) .
Waste treatment is basically an effort to reduce the volume , concentration or hazard waste , after the production process or activity , through a process of physical , chemical or biological . In the implementation of waste management , the first attempt to do is preventive measures that reduce the volume of waste produced hazard to the environment which includes efforts to reduce waste at the source , as well as efforts to use waste . Waste minimization program in Indonesia only began in earnest , which aim to reduce the amount of waste and sewage treatment still have economic value .
Similarly, hospital waste treatment also requires special handling , as hospital waste have privileges compared to the waste generated by industrial or other activities . The hospital is a place of activities ( in accordance with the role ) some people are prone to be dealt with . Vulnerable or ill person is an agent of the disease without producing any waste already carrying germs , in other words if the sick people waste the waste is the accumulation of germs ( depot ) that can bring adverse effects to the environment . ( David , 1982) .
In wastewater fats and oils are a major component . So that waste water can be managed with either the composition and nature of the waste water should not be ignored , because it can be difficult at the time or during the processing stream . For example, the waste water contains a lot of fat that is part of the wastewater components have properties which coagulates and will be attached to the wall of the channel when the normal air or cold air and will turn into a liquid at warmer temperatures .
Fat in the form of liquid when discharged to the sewer will accumulate on the cumulative sewerage due to cooling and the fat will stick to the walls of the sewer will eventually be able to block the flow of waste water . In addition to the blockage will be also be damage to the place where the fat attached can cause a leak . To overcome the difficulty of the presence of fat in the waste water , it is necessary the existence of buildings recommended grease catcher before throwing their waste water into the sewer . ( Sugiharto , 1987) .
b . Industrial Wastewater Treatment
The existence of Wastewater Treatment in each hospital is very important to treat wastewater generated in the hospital in the hope not cause negative impacts on society and the environment .
Wastewater treatment must have been confirmed in the Regulation of the Minister of Health No.173/MENKES/PER/VII/1977 in article 5, paragraph 2 , states that :
" The use of water bodies of class A or class B or class C as a media receiver or mining and industrial waste and household waste or in liquid form is processed by means of carefully disposal " .
The same is also mentioned in the Government Regulation No. . 20 of 1990 on Water Pollution Control in article 17, paragraph 1 states that :
" Any person or entity who obey wajim liquid waste effluent quality standard as specified in the wastewater discharge permit is set for him " .
Broadly speaking wastewater treatment activities can be grouped in pengolaha preliminary stage ( pre-treatment ) , the first processing stage ( primary treatment) , the second processing stage ( secondary treatment) , the third processing stage ( tertiary treatment) and advanced processing stage (ultimate disposal ) .
a. processing Introduction
At first, the waste water is collected and conducted cleanup in order to expedite the process further processing . The activities on the preliminary processing is sorting gravel and mud then removes solids and fat separates .
b . First processing
The first treatment is done to remove the solids are mixed by precipitation or flotation . At this stage of processing requires the deposition of a building consisting of feeder area , regional and local deposition expenses .
So that all the sediment can settle in the area of ​​deposition , the flow rate of wastewater sludge must be harmonized with the speed according to the depth of the depositional basin . Thus the deposition velocity and flow rate of the particles must be equal in achieving basic bath and regional spending .
Given this deposition will reduce the biological oxygen demand in the next processing .
c . Both Pengolaha
This stage is influenced by many factors including the amount of waste water , the level of impurities , dirt types and others. Further processing of the two is a biological process as jazad microscopic work , in addition to outlining the BOD also outlines other parameters such as suspended solids , color , odor and more.
d . Third processing
The third processing is done to enhance the reduction of chemicals / pollutants that are not able to do the first and second processing . At this stage there is a process chemistry, physics and chemical physics .
e . Advanced processing
The results of all the stages in the form of sludge that needs to be processed on advanced treatment . For example, in the process of sedimentation on the processing of the first and second treatment produces sludge that often cause problems because they contain high levels of contaminants .

Requirements Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) in wastewater

Requirements Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) in wastewaterTo determine the amount of organic matter in the water can do a test faster than the BOD test , yaiut by chemical reaction of a substance called oxidants COD test
Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) is the amount of oxygen required for the relationship existing materials in the water can be oxidized through chemical reactions . In this case the relationship of organic material is oxidized by potassium bichromat or K2Cr2O7 is used as a source of oxygen ( oxidizing agent ) . The oxidation of organic material relationship will follow the following reaction :
Cr2O72 - CaHbOc + + H + → CO2 + H2O + Cr3 +
Organic substances ( yellow) ( green color )
The reaction needs a catalyst warm-up and also the addition of silver sulfate ( Ag2SO4 ) fatherly accelerate the reaction . If the organic waste material is estimated there are elements that can interfere with the reaction of chloride the mercury sulfate should be added to the disorder menghilamhkan ( Ward , 1995) .
chloride can be annoying because it will come oxidized by potassium binhromat according to the following reaction :
6C 1 - + + + 14-15 Cr2O72 - H + → 3 Cl 2 + 2 Cr3 + + 7H2O
With the addition of mercury sulphate ( HgSO4 ) in the sample , senelum addition of other reagents . Chloride ions join to form mercury chloride ions , according dibaawah reaction is :
Hg2 + + 2 C1 - → HgC12
With the presence of Hg2 + ions , the concentration of C1 - ions becomes very small and does not interfere with the oxidation of organic substances in the COD test .
To ensure that almost all the oxidized organic matter discharged K2Cr2O7 oxidising agent remaining after refluxing . Terisa K2Cr2O7 in solution which is used to determine how much oxygen has been used up . The rest of K2Cr2O7 is determined by titration with ferrous ammonium sulfate ( FAS ) , in which the reaction takes place is as follows :
6 Fe2 + + + 14-15 Cr2O72 - H + → Fe 3 + + 6 + + 7 H2O 2Cr3
Ferroin indicator used to determine the endpoint of the titration is when the color green - blue solution turned brown - red . residual K2Cr2O7 in the blank solution is K2Cr2O7 early , as expected form does not contain organic substances which can be oxidized by K2Cr2O7 ( Alaerts , 1987) .
COD measurements are based that almost all organic materials can be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water with the help of a strong oxidizing agent ( potassium bichromat / K2Cr2O7 ) role in acidic conditions . By using potassium bichromat as an indicator , estimated at about 95 % -100 % organic ingredients can be oxidized ( Effendi , 2003) .
COD test typically produce oxygen demand values ​​higher than the BOD test because the ingredients are stable against biological reactions and microorganisms can participate oxidized in the COD test . For example , cellulose is often not measured by BOD test as difficult oxidized through biochemical reactions , but can be measured through COD test ( Fardiaz , 1992) .
The color of water solution environments lack the organic material before oxidation reaction is yellow . After the oxidation reaction is complete it will turn green . The amount of oxygen needed fatherly towards oxidation reactions of organic materials is equal to the amount of potassium bichromat used in the oxidation reaction , which means more oxygen is needed . This means that the water is polluted by more and more environment relationship material . organic ( Ward , 1995)
According to the decision of Minister of Environment No. Kep - 03/MENLH/18/2010 states that the maximum levels of COD that are allowed for domestic wastewater for industry is 100 mg / l .

Wastewater impact on , the environment , society and economy

Wastewater impact on , the environment , society and economyWastewater treatment is less well will be negative consequences for the environment and public health . The resulting impact , among others . ( Sugiharto , 1987) .
1 ) Due to the environment
Wastewater discharges , among others, have physical, chemical and bacteriological which can be a source of contamination , so that if not treated properly will contaminate surface water , soil and other environmental , in addition to often cause unpleasant smell and an unpleasant sight .
2 ) Due to public health
Unhealthy environment due to polluted by waste water can cause disruption to public health . Waste water can be breeding grounds for pathogenic microorganisms media , mosquito larvae and other insects that can be a medium of transmission of disease , especially diseases that are transmitted through contaminated water .
3 ) Due to the socio-economic
Human environment not only physical health but also mental and social health . Environmental conditions that cause bad feeling uncomfortable and unpleasant . As a result, human health becomes distracted and less productive , while the development of society depends on the productive workforce . If the community is always going on diseases caused by environmental influences , then this will affect the ability of the economic and social circumstances .

Sources of water according to experts

Sources of water according to expertsAccording to the Water Resources Sutrisno T (2004 ) Water for daily use can be obtained from a variety of sources including :
a. water Surface
Surface water is rainwater that flows on the surface of the earth , in general, the surface water will get fouling during flow , after a process of contamination of surface water at some time will experience the process of cleaning the surface of the water itself consists of two kinds:
1 ) Water River
River water in its use as drinking water , needs to be a perfect processing given that the river water generally have a high degree of fouling . Discharge of water available to meet the need for clean water can mncukupi .
2 ) Water Swamp / Lake
Most of these colored swamp water caused by the presence of organic matter decomposing , eg humus acid soluble in water which causes yellow brown , with the decay of the high levels of substances that organization then in general levels of iron ( Fe ) and manganese ( Mn ) in the water will be high , which causes the solubility oksigan ( O2 ) in water is reduced ( anaerobic ) . The elements will be dissolved Fe and Mn in the presence of sunlight and O2 .
b . ground water
Consists of : shallow ground water , ground water and springs .
1 . Shallow Groundwater
Is due to the process of surface soil , sludge will last as well as most of the bacteria so that the ground water will be crystal clear , but many contain chemicals ( salts ) because through layers of soil that have certain chemical elements , as it also happens fouling in the soil during infiltration , especially in the face of water close to the ground surface . Upon encountering a meeting ground layer , the water will be collected groundwater which is used for various purposes . The shallow groundwater quality in terms of both quantity rather less pretty and depending on the season .
2 . In Groundwater
There is a meeting after layer of shallow groundwater . In this case should be used drill pipe and insert into it ( usually between 100-300 m ) so that we will get a layer of water . If the water pressure is great , the water can be spraying out and in these circumstances , protection of springs is called p1erlindungan artesian springs . If the water does not come out by itself , then use the pump to assist in the ground -water discharge . Groundwater quality is better than in shallow groundwater , because the filter is more perfectly free from bacteria , were in general sufficient quantity and little affected by the changing seasons .
3 . spring
The spring water is ground water that will come out by itself to the ground . Springs from the ground , is almost not affected by the season and the quality is the same as in the spring . Based on the discharge ( emergence from the soil surface ) is divided into :
a. Where water seeps out through the slopes .
b . Arise where the water came from a land surface .
c . Air Space consists of dew , snow , and rain water .
in general, if not contaminated rain water will be clean , sterile , and pure , it's just rain water easily corrosive to metals that can cause rust .

Water Relationships With Health

Water Relationships With HealthMost of the bodies of organisms , including humans consists of water . Globally , about 80 % of the human body is composed of liquid water in addition to that there are elements and minerals , the large is for human physical growth , such as Ca , Mg , Fe , Cu and other elements . In the human body there are about 33 % water in fatty tissues and bones , 77 % in meat , 80 % in the lung and kidney , 84 % in the nerve tissue , body fluids ( plasma ) 99.5 % ( David , 2008) .
The human body is mostly made up of water , approximately 60-70 % of their body weight . For its survival , the human body requires , among others, the amount of water depending on body weight . For adults require approximately 2,200 grams of water every day . Usefulness of water for the human body , among others for digestion, metabolism , transport of nutrients in the body , regulate body temperature and keep the balance not to body drought . If the body loses a lot of water then it will result in death ( Sutrisno , 2006) .
If it be the incidence of epidemic diseases transmitted through water is always associated with water quality used as human studies that have used John Snow in the UK in two centuries ago that the spread of various infectious diseases related to contamination of drinking water from local PAM ( David , 2008) .
Water is very closely related to human health , which means a huge role in human health . Some of the things that shows the relationship of water to health is the presence of pathogenic organisms in the water that can cause illness or health problems such as bacteria , protozoa , and viruses . Besides showing the relationship of water to health is the presence of non- pathogenic organisms such as actinomycetes , algae , and bacteria coliform ( Sutrisno , 2006) .
In countries that have developed water-related diseases are very rare , because of the water supply is very fuel-efficient . However, in developing countries may be as much as 2 billion live without safe drinking water ( save water ) and adequate sanitation , as a result, victims of water-related diseases in developing countries is high and even up to the level of scary .
A survey conducted by the WHO last shows the fact that every day 30,000 people have died from diseases caused by water . At any time there are approximately 400 million people suffering from stomach and digestive diseases ( gastroenteritis ) , 200 million people suffer from schistosomiasis , 160 million people suffer from malaria , and 30 million people suffer onchocrriasis . All the above types of disease can be attributed to water although other environmental factors influence .
Microorganisms contained in water derived from various sources such as air , soil , trash , mud , plants dead or alive ( carcass ) , human and animal waste , other organic materials and so on . Microorganisms may live in the water durable , long lasting or not live in water because the environment is not suitable .
Water can be a medium carrier of pathogenic microorganisms that are harmful to health . Pathogens are often found in water is mainly bacteria that cause infections such as Vibrio cholerae gastrointestinal causes penyakitkolera , shigella dysenteriae causes bacillary dysentery , typhoid and salmonella causes typosa S. paratyphi causes paratyphoid , polio and hepatitis virus and Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery . To prevent the spread of waterborne diseases is necessary to control water pollution .
The number and types of microorganisms contained in water varies depending on various factors . These factors are is as follows :

    source of water
    Components of nutrients in the water
    toxic components
    aquatic organisms
    physical factors
    Factor X is a chemical substance that dissolves easily in water and can cause problems as follows :

    toxicity
    Chemical reactions that lead to :
    Excessive deposition
    Incidence of persistent foam , which is difficult to remove
    The emergence of physiological responses that are not expected to change the taste or the effects of physical embodiment laxatif water .
    The increase in population is not comparable to residential areas , the disposal of human waste increases . Seen is a problem as early as possible subject to the above , because human waste is a source of disease .