Thursday, April 3, 2014

The concept of housing

The concept of housing

     
Rumahyang first design that must be considered is the extent of a healthy home , harusdapat meet at least the basic human needs for a healthy activity , in this case means can reasonably perform activities in the room , not too narrow or too large ( Architecture Space ) According to the National Standards Indonesia ( SNI ) , the need for space to house an inmate is 9m2 , with a threshold of 7.2 m2 . So for example, a planned home occupied by four people , then it should not be less extensive than 36m2 house . Nevertheless , we know that the area houses 36 meter2 narrow enough for occupancy 4 people .
The design of the building houses the architecture space arrangement should also be noted that there are no spaces poor fresh air , dark , and so on . Avoid corner spaces with sharp corners because such space is not effective and does not conform with the standards of furniture that is generally rectangular or round . Connect vents and windows for each room with front garden , side garden or in the house for a change of air . Spaces that can be connected as a living room , family room and dining room does not need to be insulating the walls so that air can flow more freely . Design of house to maximize natural lighting , we should provide ample windows , at least 5 % of the area of ​​the room . In addition, the space can be wall paint or finishing material that is light bright enough so that the atmosphere of the room when the window openings are somewhat limited .
Draft Building in spaces that require water such as kitchens , bathrooms , washrooms and so should be grouped in adjacent areas that sanitation is more efficient because the pipes can be put together . Similarly, the upper and lower bathroom , should be in a vertical area ( above the bathroom shower is above the bottom ) so if there is any leakage , simply wet the affected area ( Anonymous , 2010) .

understanding of healthy homes according to experts

understanding of healthy homes according to experts
a. understanding Home
The house is a building which serves as a habitable dwelling , means of family formation , reflecting the dignity of its inhabitants , as well as an asset to its owner ( Law No. . 1 , 2011) . whereas According to WHO , the house is a physical structure or building for shelter , where the environment is useful for physical and spiritual health and social state of good health for the sake of the family and the individual ( WHO , 2001) . According Suharmadi (1985 ) , The house is a dwelling place or refuge from the influence of the surrounding natural conditions ( rain and heat ) as well as a place to rest after doing the activities to meet daily needs .
b . understanding Healthy
According to Law Decree 36 of 2009 on Health Healthy is healthy , both physically , mentally, spiritually and socially to enable more people to live socially and economically productive . According to WHO ( World Health Organization ) defines the notion of " healthy " more detailed as the state of physical health , spiritual , and social good and complete , not just a means to avoid disease or infirmity ( Health is a state of complete physical , mental and social wellbeing , not merely the absence of disease or infirmity ) .
c . Understanding Healthy Homes
Healthy home is a house that is close to the water , is more than a hundred meters from the dump , close to the means of cleansing , as well as being in a place where rain water and dirty water does not stagnate ( Wahid and Chayatin , 2009) . Haryanto Gunawan said that dimaksut and healthy home is the residence of a family that kengkap stand alone , strong construction and meet the health requirements ( Haryanto and Gunawan , 1997) .
Healthy home is a home that can meet the physical and spiritual needs are worthy as a place of residence or refuge from the influence of the great outdoors . Eg physical needs are met physical needs such as reading , writing , and other breaks . Spiritual needs , for example , protection against disease , weather , wind and sebaginnya ( Anonymous , 2009) .

understanding and type of disinfection

understanding and type of disinfection
Disinfection is the destruction of microorganisms that can cause disease. Disinfection is a process to eliminate all bacteria in the water. Disinfection is the final protection for humans against pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease, including the inside of pathogenic bacteria. Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites are very helpful disinfection reduction in the amount of disease that is spread through water and food. Disinfection is divided into two kinds, namely disinfektasi physically and chemically.
Physical disinfection Disinfection can be done physically by means of boiling water, filtration and ultraviolet radiation (UV).
Boiling water Boiling water is the simplest way to kill bacteria and popular. Boiling is very effective and economical way to kill bacteria, only a few bacteria produce endospores are resistant to very high temperatures up to several hours. Endospores can still be harmful to humans, especially when the endospores produced by pathogenic bacteria sort of anthrax. After getting the appropriate place and environment of the endospores of bacteria can be active again.
Screening Screening (usual) is not effectively used because of the very small size of bacteria. Only bacteria attached to solid particles with a size large enough to be filtered. Only 5% of the bacteria that can be filtered with a coarse filter, the filter is 15% smooth, grit chamber with 20% and 30% with primary sedimentation.

                                                      
Chemical disinfection
Chemical disinfection is done by adding certain chemicals to kill bacteria called with disinfectant. Disinfectants inhibitory effect (cidal effects) by interacting with one or more targets in the microbial cell. Targets disin-fektan in the microbial cell which peptidoglycan layer, cytoplasmic membrane, outer mem-bran, structural proteins, the thiol group of enzymes, nucleic acids, viral envelope, capsid, or nucleic acid, and a protective layer of spores.
Chlorine Chlorination was first used in the early 20th century. Chlorine (Cl 2) to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which is effectively able to inactivate microorganisms in the water me. The use of chlorine as a disinfectant turns out to have drawbacks, namely: a. The formation of toxic compounds that may be harmful to humans and animals such as THM (Trihalometana) and klorohidroksifuranon which resulted in cancer. b. Increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Kloramin Kloraminasi is disinfecting water using kloramin as a substitute for free chlorine (Cl 2). Use of kloramin turns produces less THM. However, kloramin have the following disadvantages: a. Can be toxic to fish due to oxidize hemoglobin into methemoglo-bin lower capacity to carry oxygen. b. Cause haemolytic anemia in hemodialysis patients.
Chlorine Dioxide Chlorine dioxide is a disinfectant that has the speed and effectiveness better than chlorine to inactivate the bacteria. Chlorine dioxide does not lead to the formation of THM and does not react with ammonia to form kloramin. The weakness of the use of chlorine dioxide as isinfektan are as follows: a. Disrupt thyroid function b. The formation of chlorite and chlorate in water is feared may result in methemoglobinemia
Ozone Ozone was produced by passing dry air to antaa electrode gap and by using AC power with voltages between 8000-20000 volts. Ozone was first introduced as a strong oxidizing agent to remove the taste, color and odor. Oxidant is now used as a disinfectant to inactivate pathogenic bacteria and as THM precursors. The weakness of the use of ozone as a disinfectant bacteria are as follows: a. Ozone leaves no residue in the water so it needs to be combined with other disinfectants. b. The high operating costs. c. Formation of bromate compounds are carcinogens and mutagenic. d. May increase the toxicity of the effluent.
Ozone consists of three oxygen molecules and highly dangerous to human health. Naturally, the ozone generated by ultraviolet light mixing with the atmosphere and formed a layer of ozone at an altitude of 50 kilometers.

impact of contaminants mercury , cadmium and lead in sea

impact of contaminants mercury , cadmium and lead in sea
Pollutants in Marine OrganismsThe sea water is a component that interacts with the terrestrial environment , where the discharge of waste from land will lead to the sea . Besides the sea as well as a water pollutant acceptance ( impure material ) that falls from the atmosphere . The waste containing pollutants then enter into coastal waters and marine ecosystems . Partially soluble in water , mostly sink to the bottom and concentrated to sediments , and partly into the body tissues of marine organisms ( including phytoplankton , fish , shrimp , squid , mussels , seaweed , etc. ) .
Then , the pollutants that enter the water directly absorbed by phytoplankton .
Phytoplankton is a producer and as the first trophic level in the food chain . Then phytoplankton zooplankton eaten . The concentration of pollutants in zooplankton body is higher than in the body due to phytoplankton phytoplankton zooplankton prey as much as possible . Phytoplankton and zooplankton eaten by fish planktivores ( plankton-eating ) as the second trophic level . Fish predation by fish karnivores planktivores ( fish eaters or animal ) as the third trophic level , then preyed upon by predatory fish as the highest trophic level .
Fish predators and long-lived fish that contains high concentrations of pollutants in the body highest among all marine organisms . Shellfish also contain heavy metals that high because of the way the filter feeding water into the gills at any time and participate ingested phytoplankton . Pollutants come into the body and accumulates continuously and can even exceed the concentrations in the water .
These pollutants follow the food chain from phytoplankton to fish predators and ultimately to humans . When these pollutants are in the body tissues of marine organisms in high concentrations , is then used as a food ingredient it will be harmful to human health . Because human health is strongly influenced by the food you eat . Foods derived from polluted areas likely also contaminated . Likewise seafood ( seafood ) from the beach and the sea are polluted also contain high pollutant .
One of the most dangerous pollutants for human health are heavy metals . WHO ( World Health Organization ) or the World Health Organization and FAO ( Food Agriculture Organization ) or the World Health Organization recommends not eating seafood ( seafood ) heavy metal contaminated . Heavy metal has long been known as a toxic element that has the very power of potential and has the ability to accumulate in human organs . Even the few who cause death . Some of the heavy metals that are harmful mercury or mercury ( Hg ) , Cadmium ( Cd ) , Lead ( Pb ) , Copper ( Cu ) , and others .
Mercury
Mercury or Mercury ( Hg ) is one of the heavy metals in liquid form . Mercury pollution in ocean waters caused more by natural factors rather than human factors . Although mercury contamination can occur naturally , but the levels are very small . Mercury pollution on a large scale due to the waste discarded by humans .
Humans have been using mercury oxide ( HgO ) and mercury sulfide ( HgS ) as a coloring agent and a cosmetic material since ancient times . Today the mercury has been used extensively in electronic products , industrial paint manufacture , manufacture of dentures , gold smelting , as a catalyst , and others . The use of mercury as an electrode in the manufacture of caustic soda in the food industry such as cooking oil , dairy products , paper tima , food wrappers also sometimes contaminate the food .
Metal pollution of mercury ( Hg ) received attention since the emergence of cases of Minamata in Japan in 1953 . At that time many people have a deadly disease caused by eating fish , scallops , shrimp and other seafood containing mercury .
Minamata cases that occurred from 1953 to 1975 has caused thousands of people have died from mercury pollution in Minamata Bay Japan . Chisso Chemical industry using mercury chloride ( HgCl2 ) as catalyst to produce acetaldehyde synthesis in which each produce one ton of acetaldehyde produce between 30-100 grams of mercury waste in the form of methyl mercury ( CH3Hg ) are dumped into Minamata Bay sea .
Methyl mercury enters the body is marine organisms either directly from the water and follow the food chain . Then reach high concentrations in the flesh of shellfish , crustaceans and fish which is daily consumption for the people of Minamata . Concentration or content of mercury in the hair of patients in the hospital several Minamata reach over 500 ppm . Minamata community who eat the contaminated seafood in large quantities have nerve disease , paralysis , loss of sense of taste and even many who died .
cadmium
Cadmium ( Cd ) is becoming popular as a dangerous heavy metals after the onset of river pollution in the region of Kumamoto Japan that caused toxicity in humans . Cadmium contamination in drinking water in Japan causing disease " itai - itai " . Symptoms are characterized by abnormalities of bone and some organs of the body becomes dead . Chronic poisoning caused by Cd is damage to the body's physiological systems such as breathing , blood circulation , olfactory , and damage to the reproductive glands , kidney , heart and bone fragility .
Cadmium has been used extensively in various industries , among others, metal plating , metal smelting , coloring , batteries , lubricating oil , fuel . Fuel and lubricating oil containing up to 0.5 ppm Cd , coal contains up to 2 ppm Cd , Cd -containing fertilizers also superpospat even up to 170 ppm . Liquid waste from industry and the disposal of used lubricating oil containing Cd into the waters of the sea as well as the remains of burning fuel that escapes into the atmosphere and then fall into the sea . The concentration of Cd in uncontaminated sea water is less than 1 mg / l or less than 1 mg / kg of marine sediment .
The maximum Cd concentration in drinking water that is allowed by the MOH and WHO is 0.01 mg / l . While the maximum concentration of Cd content in the meat or seafood that is worthy of health recommended by FAO and WHO were less than 0.95 mg / kg . Conversely Director General of Food and Drug Administration recommends no more than 2.0 mg / kg .
reciprocal
Lead ( Pb ) is also one of the heavy metals that have a high toxicity to humans because it can impair brain development in children , causing blockage of red blood cells , anemia and affect other parts of the body . Pb can be accumulated directly from the water and from sediments by marine organisms . Today the release of Pb into the atmosphere increased sharply due to the burning of oil and gas that may contribute to the disposal of Pb into the atmosphere . Furthermore, the Pb fell into the sea following the rain. With the incidence of many countries in the world reduce tetraeil Pb in petroleum and natural gas to reduce pollution Pb in the atmosphere .
WHO and FAO recommends that the concentration of Pb in decent seafood meat consumption is less than 0.715 mg / kg . Instead DG Food and Drug Administration recommends no more than 2.0 mg / kg .

hemical composition of water in the pure

chemical composition of water in the pure
Water is a chemical substance that is essential for human life and other living things and function for life will not be biased replaced with other compounds .
Water chemistry is the (aquatic chemistry ) is the science related to water rivers , lakes and oceans , as well aair ground and surface water , which includes the distribution and circulation dri chemicals in natural waters as well as the chemical reactions in the water .
There are three sources of water , namely
1 . ground water sources
2 . rain water sources
3 . pam water source
chemical composition of water consists murnih namely :
- Excellent solvent
- Constant diletrik highest among other pure liquids .
- The surface tension is higher than in other liquids .
- Transparent to visible light and light having a wavelength greater than the ultra violet .
- Weight of the highest kind in the form of liquid ( liquid phase ) at 4 degrees Celsius
- Thermal evaporation is higher than other materials Padda .
- Kapalitas heat higher compared other liquid except ammonia
- Latent heat and melting is higher than at any other liquid except ammonia
The unique properties of water bodies present in the form of stream and lake water chemical properties that are no alkalinity ( liquid Limba or dirty water and have pH rendah.ALCHINITAS ( not waste water or clean water )
Examples of such chemicals in water
- ammonium
- hydroxyl
- bicarbonate
- carbonate
- orthophosphate
- Mono hydrogen orthophosphate = HPO4
- Di- hydrogen orthophosphate =
- bisulfate
- sulafat
- bisulfite
- sulphites
- Nitrite
- nitrate
- hypochlorite