Source of Vitamins in food

Source of Vitamins in foodSource of vitamins :
Sources of vitamins are vegetables and fresh fruits every day akonsumsi kit . However, the levels of vitamins in the diet depends on the type of food , how penyimpaan and processing methods .

  Vitamin A is produced by the two compounds are converted by the body into vitamin . Vitamin A derived from animal ( provitamin A ) are available in the form of retinol , while derived from vegetable available in the form of beta-carotene . Beta-carotene which we consume in the small intestine is converted to vitamin

 Vitamins can not be manufactured by the body but must be added through the food we eat . It is no wonder that today many vitamin or multivitamin products sold in pharmacies and drug stores . One of the common vitamins
for sale is a vitamin B complex . These vitamins are sold in the form of multivitamins , milk , and food additives
Ubi contained many vitamins , fiber and minerals that are useful to the body such as vitamin C , vitamin E , vitamin B , vitamin Potassium words have been proposed by an expert biochemical Poland in 1912.Vita nation in Latin bemaksud life and mine - amine is the addition of the amine is word ; you indulge in those crowded that thought bahawa all vitamins are amines and now these errors are into disedari .
Values ​​for consuming certain foods have been known to perpetuate kesihatan long before vitamins are known for sure . People do know that ancient Egyptians gave pesakit eat liver will help treat night blindness , which is now known due to lack of vitamin A. In 1747 , Scotland surgeon , James Lind menyedari bahawa citrus foods helped stymie beriberi (scurvy ) ,
capable of carrying a deadly disease in which collagen is not formed, and the characteristics that emerge are slower to heal wounds , bleeding gums , and excessive pain . In 1753 , Lind published his Treatise on the Scurvy . What results is met , however, is not widely accepted . For example , an expedition to the Arctic Sea Tentera Di Raja in the 19th century , it is widely believed bahawa beriberi be abducted by good personal hygiene on board , senaman periodically , and perpetuate moral accomplice ship , instead of the food permakanan fresh . This resulted Tentera sea expedition it was attacked by the disease beriberi . When Robert Falcon Scott's expedition to Antarctica to do two at the beginning of the 20th century , when it was perubatan theory beriberi disease caused by contaminated food in tin .
Symptoms of vitamin deficiency in humans called " deficiency " . A deficiency of certain vitamins would show the typical symptoms that may be caused by the absence of the vitamin in foodstuffs or available in sufficient quantity , but only a few are absorbed in the digestive system
The things that cause vitamin in foods is lost
1 . The longer foods are stored the more vitamins are lost
2 . Wash your food too long in the water
3 . Food items that have been cut into pieces so that the surface is not directly cooked food so that it can come into contact with contaminated dirt .
4 . In the cooking process uses high temperatures
5 . Using too much water boiled cooking process so much time is wasted .
Loss of vitamins in cooking can be prevented by
1 . Using the temperature is not too high
2 . Cooking time not too long
3 . Using a little cooking water may
4 . Cutting food is not too small so that the vitamins in foods is not much coming out .
5 . Pot should be closed when cooking
6 . Remaining water boilers used for other dishes .

History Safety and K3

History Safety and K3The development of industry in Indonesia Higene is not known when exactly , but the development of industry in Indonesia Higene real test felt a few years after our independence , namely when the emergence of Labour Law and Accident Law . Principles of Industrial and Occupational Health Higene has been loaded in the Act , although it is not or has not been enforced on the spot
Furthermore, by the Department of Labour ( now Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration ) in 1957 established the Labor Health Institute in 1965 which later transformed into the Institute of Occupational Safety and

    Subsequently in 1993 changed again to Higene Corporate Center , Health and Safety .
    In 1998 changed again to Hiperkes and Safety Center .
    The name was changed in 2001 also became Occupational Development Center and Hiperkes .
    And at the end of 2005 the Center for Occupational Safety and Hiperkes
So it is clear that the development of the Company Higene ( Higene Industry ) in Indonesia goes together with the development of Occupational Health ie other than through institutions , also made ​​efforts through the publication of books such as Labour Health Sciences (1965 ) . Company Higene Science and Health ( 1967) , Ergonomics and Work Productivity . Higene Quarterly Magazine Company , Genesis Health and Safety and Social Security also Hiperkes books and Safety Guidelines ( sort of guiding Hiperkes Implementation and Safety Company ) as well as leaflets about the work in the lab manual Hiperkes and others are disseminated to all corners of the Land water .
Health Workers . And in 1966 the function and position in the industry Higene government officials became more obvious that the establishment of the Institute of Company Higene ( Higene Industry ) and Occupational Health in the Department of Labor and Department of Higene Company / Public Sanitation and Health Department at the Ministry of Health Labor . Besides, private organizations are also growing Higene Foundation Company based in Surabaya .
To further Hiperkes existing organization dipemerintahan from year to year is always experienced changes with the following names :

    In 1969 the Institute of Occupational Health Higene Company and transformed into the National Institute of Occupational Health Higene and Company .
    In 1978 turned into Higene Corporate Development Center , Health and Safety .
    In 1983 changed again to Higene Center Corporate Health and Safety .
In 1988 turned into a Service Center Ergonomics , Higene Company , Health and Safety .
Workshops , Guidance Hiperkes Applied Technology and Safety held continuously . In coaching personnel and implemented by organizing training courses in the country , in addition to formal education well organized inside and outside the country .
In terms of the applicable legislation , the Laws concerning Hiperkes contained in the Act , Regulations and the Ministerial Circular of the Minister has been widely published .
Efforts coaching Hiperkes and Safety Laboratory , which began in 1973 to 1993 has established 14 laboratories and Safety Center Hiperkes work located in 14 provinces .

Papers on Human Rights ( HAM )

Papers on Human Rights ( HAM )

    Background
Rights are normative elements inherent in every human being in its application to the scope of the right of equality and the right of freedom associated with the interaction between individuals or by institutions . The right is also something that must be earned . Human rights issue is something that often talked about and discussed , especially in this era of reform . Upheld human rights more and more attention in the reform era of the pre-reform era . Keep in mind that , in the enjoyment of rights, we do not live alone and we live to socialize with other people . Let us not commit human rights violations against others in the business acquisition or fulfillment in ourselves .
The rule of law is a legal doctrine that began to emerge in the century - 19 ,
simultaneously with the birth of the State Constitution and democracy . Ian was born with the flourishing of democracy in line and increasing the role of parliament in the administration of the State and as a reaction to the absolute state that developed previously . Rule Of Law is a common law concept which is whole aspek.Negara uphold the rule of law and principles of justice egalitarian.Latar dibangundiatas behind the birth of the rule of law begins with the idea of ​​limiting the power of government to the State Facilities selected for this purpose and constitution yaitudemokrasi Formulation juridical conception of the State and democracy konstitusionaladalah hukumDi Indonesia , the core of the rule of law is a guarantee for the people adanyakeadilan . Especially social justice
In order for the discussion of this problem is not too extensive and more focused on issues and objectives in this making of this paper , the authors then to limit the scope of the problem only on " Ham & Rule Of Law " .
a) Definition of Human Rights
In Article 1 of Law Number 39 Year 1999 on Human Rights stated that " human rights are a set of rights attached to nature and human existence as a creature of the Almighty God and is His grace that must be respected , upheld and protected by the state , law , government and every person , for the respect and protection of human dignity " .
Based on the above understanding of human rights , it can be deduced about the nature of human rights some of the main features are:
· Human rights need not be given , purchased or inherited . Human rights are part of human automatically.
· Human rights apply to all people without regard to sex , race , religion , ethnicity , political opinion or social origin and nation .
· Human rights can not be violated . No one has the right to restrict or violate the rights of others . People still have rights even if a state makes laws that do not protect or violate human rights ( Mansour Fakih , 2003) .
b ) Definition of the rule of law
The rule of law is a legal concept that is actually born from a form of protest against an absolute power in a country . In order to limit the absolute power it is necessary restrictions on the powers that rule are arranged so as not to violate the fundamental interests of society , with demikia
. Dalamrangka limiting the absolute power makadiperlukan restrictions on the power , so the power is laid out so as not melanggarkepentingan Rights of the people , by demikianmasyarakat avoid actions against hokumyang carried out by the authorities .

    The development of Human Thought

    Divided into four generations , namely :
        The first generation of human rights argue that the notion that only focused on the field of law and politics . The focus of the first generation of human rights thinking in the field of law and politics and the situation caused by the impact of World War II , totalitarianism and the desire Countries newly independent legal order to create something new .
        The second generation of human rights ideas are not only demanding the rights of juridical rights but also social , economic , political and cultural . So the thought of a second -generation human rights shows the expansion of understanding of the concept and scope of human rights . During the second generation , juridical rights received less emphasis so that there is an imbalance in social and cultural rights , economic rights and political rights .
        The third generation in response to the second generation of human rights thinking . The third generation of promising the unity between the economic, social , cultural , political , and legal in a basket called to carry out the development rights . In the implementation of the ideas of human rights of third generation also experienced an imbalance where there is an emphasis on economic rights in terms of economic development a top priority , while other rights neglected , causing many casualties , because a lot of other people's rights are violated .
        The fourth generation of the highly criticized the dominant role of the state in the development process that focuses on economic development and cause negative effects such as the neglect of the people's welfare aspects . Besides development programs being run not by the needs of the people as a whole but meet the needs of an elite group . The fourth generation of human rights ideas pioneered by countries in the region which in 1983 gave birth to the declaration of human rights is called the Declaration of the Basic Duties of Asian People and Government

    Development of thinking stems from the world of human rights :
            Magna Charta
In general, experts in Europe believe that the birth of human rights in Europe started with the birth magna Charta , which contains the view that the king had absolute power ( the king who created the law , but he himself is not bound by laws made ​​) , be restricted power and began to be held accountable before the law ( Mansour Effendi ,

            The American declaration
Further development of human rights is characterized by the emergence of the American Declaration of Independence , who was born from familiar Rousseau and Montesquuieu . Begin emphasized that humans are independent from her mother in the stomach , so it is not logical that after the birth he must be shackled .

            The French declaration
Subsequently , in 1789 was born the French Declaration ( Declaration of France ) , where the terms on the right are specified as stated in the Rule of Law which, among other sounds there should be no arrest without a valid reason . In that respect the principle of presumption of innocence applies , meaning that the people who were arrested , then detained and charged , entitled declared not guilty , until there is a court decision that is final and binding which found him guilty .

            The four freedom
There are four rights of freedom of speech and expression , right to freedom of religion and worship according to the teachings of religious needs, the right to freedom from poverty in the definition of each nation trying to reach the level of a peaceful and prosperous life for its residents , the right to freedom from fear , which include businesses , reduction of armaments , so that none of the nation's desire to be in a position to carry out an attack against another country ( Mansour Effendi , 1994) .

    The development of human rights thinking in Indonesia :
        Human thought pre-independence period were most prominent in the Indische Partij is right to liberty and the right to equal treatment independence .
        Since independence in 1945 until now in Indonesia has 3 Constitution applies in four periods , namely :
            The period of August 18, 1945 until December 27, 1949 , 1945 prevail
            The period December 27, 1949 until August 17, 1950 , the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia applicable United
            The period of August 17 to July 5, 1959 , 1950 Constitution applies
            The period July 5, 1959 to the present , apply Back 1945

    Review of Human Rights in Islam
The existence of the doctrine of human rights in Islam shows that Islam as a religion has placed man as honorable and noble creatures . Therefore , protection and respect for human itself is a doctrine demands that must be carried out by his followers against fellow human beings without exception . The rights given by God it is permanent , eternal and immortal , should not be altered or modified ( Abu Ala Almaududi , 1998) . In Islam there are two concepts of rights , namely the right man ( insan al rights ) and the rights of God . Any rights that underlies each other mutually . God underlies human rights and vice versa . In its application , none of the rights that apart from the two rights , such as prayer .
While in the case of al beings as property rights , every human being has the right to manage its assets .
Islamic concept of human life based on a theocentric approach ( theocentries ) or who puts God through the provision of Islamic law as a benchmark of good bad order of human life both as individuals and as citizens or residents of the nation masyarakjat . As such the Islamic concept of human rights rests on the doctrine of monotheism . The concept of monotheism contains the idea of ​​equality and brotherhood of man . The concept of Tawheed also includes the idea of ​​equality and unity of all beings by Harun Nasution and Bahtiar Effendi called perikemakhlukan idea . Islam came inherently carry the doctrine of human rights , Islamic doctrine of human rights can be found in the teachings of Islam that is the primary source of al - Quran and al - Hadith are a source of normative doctrine , there is also a practice of Muslims life .
Judging from the level , there are three forms of human rights in Islam , first , Darury Rights ( basic rights ) . Something considered basic rights when these rights are violated , not only makes the human suffering , but also the dignity of humanity is lost even its existence . For example , if the right to life is violated then it means the person is dead . Second , secondary rights ( hajy ) that the rights which if not met will result in the loss of rights elementary example , a person's right to obtain adequate food and clothing it will result in the loss of the right to life . Third rights tertiary ( tahsiny ) the right of the lower level of primary and secondary rights ( Masdar F. Mas'udi , 2002)
On Human Rights relating to the rights of citizens , Al Maududi explains that in Islam the first and main rights of citizens are :

                Protect life , property and dignity they together with the assurance that we are not interfered with this right , except for reasons of legitimate and illegal .
                Protection of personal freedom . Privacy can not be violated except after going through the process of convincing evidence is legally and provide the opportunity for the accused to present a defense
                Independence to express opinions and beliefs embraced each
                Guarantees the fulfillment of basic needs for all citizens without distinction of caste or creed . One of the obligation of zakat to Muslims , one of them to meet the basic needs of citizens .

    Human Rights in National Legislation
In Indonesian law there are at least a written legal form which contains rules on human rights . First , the constitution ( Constitution State ) . Second , the provision MPR ( MPR ) . Third , the Act . Fourth , the regulations implementing legislation such as government regulations , presidential decrees and other regulations .
Excess regulation of human rights in the constitution guarantees a very strong because of the changes and or removal of the article in the constitution as the constitutional process in Indonesia has a very heavy and long , including through amendments and referendum , while weakness as stipulated in the constitution only contains rules still such global human rights provisions in the constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which is still global . Meanwhile, when the arrangement of human rights in the form of laws and implementing regulations weakness , the possibility of frequent changes .

    Violations of human rights and human rights courts
Human rights violations are all actions by individuals or groups of people, including state officials whether intentional or unintentional, which legally reduce , impede , restrict or revoke rights and a person or group of persons is guaranteed by this Act , and not obtained or will not feared obtaining settlement law ( law no. 26/2000 on Human Rights court ) . While mild forms of human rights violations in addition to the two forms of the gross human rights violations .
The crime of genocide is any act committed with intent to destroy or obliterate all or some groups of nations, races , ethnic groups and religious groups . The crime of genocide carried out by killing members of the group , causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group , creating conditions of life that will result in physical extermination whole or in part , imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group , and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group ( Law no. 26/2000 on Human Rights court ) .
While it is a crime against humanity is one of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack he knows that such attacks directly aimed at civilians through murder , extermination , enslavement , expulsion or forcible transfer of population , deprivation of liberty or deprivation of physical liberty in other arbitrarily in violation of ( the principles of ) basic provisions of international law , torture , rape , sexual slavery , forced prostitution or other forms of sexual violence are equal , the persecution of a particular group or association that is based on common political beliefs , race , nationality , ethnicity , culture , religion , gender or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law , enforced disappearances , and the crime of apartheid .
Violation of human rights can be done by both the state apparatus and not the state apparatus ( Law no. 26/2000 on Human Rights court ) . Because the prosecution of human rights violations should not be directed only against the state apparatus , but also violations committed not by the state apparatus . Prosecution of human rights violations ranging from investigation , prosecution , and trial of violations should be non - discriminatory and equitable . Human Rights Court is a special court within the context of the general court .

    Penaggung responsible for enforcement ( respection ) , advancement ( promotion ) , protection ( protection ) and compliance ( fulfill ) rights .
Promoting responsibility , respect and protection of human rights are not only borne by the state , but also to the individual citizens . This means that countries and individuals alike have a responsibility towards the promotion , respect and protection of human rights . Therefore , not only the actual human rights violations committed by the state to its people , but also by the people to the people of the so-called human rights violations horizontally .

    Case Examples of Human Rights Violations
                The occurrence of maltreatment in the civil STPDN by senior on the pretext of coaching that led to the death of clips Muntu in 2003 .
                Lecturer who lazy to go to class or lazy to explain to a course to students is a violation of human rights to every student light .
                The merchants who sell on the sidewalk is a violation of human rights of the pedestrians , thus causing the pedestrians to walk on the side of the road so it is particularly vulnerable to accidents .
                Tradisioanal traders who trade on the side of the road is a violation of human rights against lightweight road users so that the users can not enjoy the way the traffic is orderly and smooth .
                Parents who impose his will that his entry in a particular department in the college human rights violations against children , so that a child can not choose majors that match their interests and talents .

Process Waste Handling and Processing Industry In

Process Waste Handling and Processing Industry InWaste treatment aims to eliminate polluting elements from waste water and effluent from processing to get the quality that has to be accepted by the receiving water body without any physical disorder , chemical or biological ( Soedjono , 1991) .
Waste treatment is basically an effort to reduce the volume , concentration or hazard waste , after the production process or activity , through a process of physical , chemical or biological . In the implementation of waste management , the first attempt to do is preventive measures that reduce the volume of waste produced hazard to the environment which includes efforts to reduce waste at the source , as well as efforts to use waste . Waste minimization program in Indonesia only began in earnest , which aim to reduce the amount of waste and sewage treatment still have economic value .
Similarly, hospital waste treatment also requires special handling , as hospital waste have privileges compared to the waste generated by industrial or other activities . The hospital is a place of activities ( in accordance with the role ) some people are prone to be dealt with . Vulnerable or ill person is an agent of the disease without producing any waste already carrying germs , in other words if the sick people waste the waste is the accumulation of germs ( depot ) that can bring adverse effects to the environment . ( David , 1982) .
In wastewater fats and oils are a major component . So that waste water can be managed with either the composition and nature of the waste water should not be ignored , because it can be difficult at the time or during the processing stream . For example, the waste water contains a lot of fat that is part of the wastewater components have properties which coagulates and will be attached to the wall of the channel when the normal air or cold air and will turn into a liquid at warmer temperatures .
Fat in the form of liquid when discharged to the sewer will accumulate on the cumulative sewerage due to cooling and the fat will stick to the walls of the sewer will eventually be able to block the flow of waste water . In addition to the blockage will be also be damage to the place where the fat attached can cause a leak . To overcome the difficulty of the presence of fat in the waste water , it is necessary the existence of buildings recommended grease catcher before throwing their waste water into the sewer . ( Sugiharto , 1987) .
b . Industrial Wastewater Treatment
The existence of Wastewater Treatment in each hospital is very important to treat wastewater generated in the hospital in the hope not cause negative impacts on society and the environment .
Wastewater treatment must have been confirmed in the Regulation of the Minister of Health No.173/MENKES/PER/VII/1977 in article 5, paragraph 2 , states that :
" The use of water bodies of class A or class B or class C as a media receiver or mining and industrial waste and household waste or in liquid form is processed by means of carefully disposal " .
The same is also mentioned in the Government Regulation No. . 20 of 1990 on Water Pollution Control in article 17, paragraph 1 states that :
" Any person or entity who obey wajim liquid waste effluent quality standard as specified in the wastewater discharge permit is set for him " .
Broadly speaking wastewater treatment activities can be grouped in pengolaha preliminary stage ( pre-treatment ) , the first processing stage ( primary treatment) , the second processing stage ( secondary treatment) , the third processing stage ( tertiary treatment) and advanced processing stage (ultimate disposal ) .
a. processing Introduction
At first, the waste water is collected and conducted cleanup in order to expedite the process further processing . The activities on the preliminary processing is sorting gravel and mud then removes solids and fat separates .
b . First processing
The first treatment is done to remove the solids are mixed by precipitation or flotation . At this stage of processing requires the deposition of a building consisting of feeder area , regional and local deposition expenses .
So that all the sediment can settle in the area of ​​deposition , the flow rate of wastewater sludge must be harmonized with the speed according to the depth of the depositional basin . Thus the deposition velocity and flow rate of the particles must be equal in achieving basic bath and regional spending .
Given this deposition will reduce the biological oxygen demand in the next processing .
c . Both Pengolaha
This stage is influenced by many factors including the amount of waste water , the level of impurities , dirt types and others. Further processing of the two is a biological process as jazad microscopic work , in addition to outlining the BOD also outlines other parameters such as suspended solids , color , odor and more.
d . Third processing
The third processing is done to enhance the reduction of chemicals / pollutants that are not able to do the first and second processing . At this stage there is a process chemistry, physics and chemical physics .
e . Advanced processing
The results of all the stages in the form of sludge that needs to be processed on advanced treatment . For example, in the process of sedimentation on the processing of the first and second treatment produces sludge that often cause problems because they contain high levels of contaminants .

Requirements Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) in wastewater

Requirements Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) in wastewaterTo determine the amount of organic matter in the water can do a test faster than the BOD test , yaiut by chemical reaction of a substance called oxidants COD test
Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) is the amount of oxygen required for the relationship existing materials in the water can be oxidized through chemical reactions . In this case the relationship of organic material is oxidized by potassium bichromat or K2Cr2O7 is used as a source of oxygen ( oxidizing agent ) . The oxidation of organic material relationship will follow the following reaction :
Cr2O72 - CaHbOc + + H + → CO2 + H2O + Cr3 +
Organic substances ( yellow) ( green color )
The reaction needs a catalyst warm-up and also the addition of silver sulfate ( Ag2SO4 ) fatherly accelerate the reaction . If the organic waste material is estimated there are elements that can interfere with the reaction of chloride the mercury sulfate should be added to the disorder menghilamhkan ( Ward , 1995) .
chloride can be annoying because it will come oxidized by potassium binhromat according to the following reaction :
6C 1 - + + + 14-15 Cr2O72 - H + → 3 Cl 2 + 2 Cr3 + + 7H2O
With the addition of mercury sulphate ( HgSO4 ) in the sample , senelum addition of other reagents . Chloride ions join to form mercury chloride ions , according dibaawah reaction is :
Hg2 + + 2 C1 - → HgC12
With the presence of Hg2 + ions , the concentration of C1 - ions becomes very small and does not interfere with the oxidation of organic substances in the COD test .
To ensure that almost all the oxidized organic matter discharged K2Cr2O7 oxidising agent remaining after refluxing . Terisa K2Cr2O7 in solution which is used to determine how much oxygen has been used up . The rest of K2Cr2O7 is determined by titration with ferrous ammonium sulfate ( FAS ) , in which the reaction takes place is as follows :
6 Fe2 + + + 14-15 Cr2O72 - H + → Fe 3 + + 6 + + 7 H2O 2Cr3
Ferroin indicator used to determine the endpoint of the titration is when the color green - blue solution turned brown - red . residual K2Cr2O7 in the blank solution is K2Cr2O7 early , as expected form does not contain organic substances which can be oxidized by K2Cr2O7 ( Alaerts , 1987) .
COD measurements are based that almost all organic materials can be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water with the help of a strong oxidizing agent ( potassium bichromat / K2Cr2O7 ) role in acidic conditions . By using potassium bichromat as an indicator , estimated at about 95 % -100 % organic ingredients can be oxidized ( Effendi , 2003) .
COD test typically produce oxygen demand values ​​higher than the BOD test because the ingredients are stable against biological reactions and microorganisms can participate oxidized in the COD test . For example , cellulose is often not measured by BOD test as difficult oxidized through biochemical reactions , but can be measured through COD test ( Fardiaz , 1992) .
The color of water solution environments lack the organic material before oxidation reaction is yellow . After the oxidation reaction is complete it will turn green . The amount of oxygen needed fatherly towards oxidation reactions of organic materials is equal to the amount of potassium bichromat used in the oxidation reaction , which means more oxygen is needed . This means that the water is polluted by more and more environment relationship material . organic ( Ward , 1995)
According to the decision of Minister of Environment No. Kep - 03/MENLH/18/2010 states that the maximum levels of COD that are allowed for domestic wastewater for industry is 100 mg / l .