Epidemiological causal Primary and secondary causes in the process of disease incidence .

Epidemiological causal Primary and secondary causes in the process of disease incidence .
Causal cause of primary
This element is considered as a causal factor causal elements that cause the disease can be divided into five major groups , namely :

    biological causes elements : all elements of the cause of the group classified as living organisms including microorganisms that can cause disruption of Patience .
    cause of nutritional elements : all elements of causes including goals . nutritional substances that can cause disturbances of Patience
    cause of the chemical elements : all elements in the form of chemical compounds that can cause disruption of Patience
    Causative agent of physics : all elements yng can cause disease through physical processes
    Causative agent psikhis : all elements related to the incidence of mental illness and social disruption
Secondary causes of Causal
Secondary ØPenyebab an enhancer in the incidence of different causes of disease incidence of each disease generally greatly influenced by the various elements that interact with the elements of the cause and participate in the process of cause and effect

    Elements of host ( Host )
Elements of host ( humans ) can be divided into two main groups namely nature , the nature of which are closely related to humans as biological beings and human nature as social beings

    Humans as biological beings ,
        Age , sex , race and ancestry
        The anatomical shape of the body
        Physiological function and physiology of the body
        The state of immunity and the body's reaction to the various elements of the outside or from within the body itself
        The ability of the host to cause the interaction between biological and nutritional status in general health status

    Environmental Elements
        Elements of the environment plays a fairly important in determining the interaction process between the host with the causative agent in the disease process
        Broadly speaking ingkungan elements can be divided into 3 parts , namely the biological environment , the physical environment and the social environment

Epidemiology Concept and Process of Disease Causes

Epidemiology Concept and Process of Disease Causes
The development of theory Causes Disease Occurrence

    Disease : something that already exists and is a form of human life
    Disease : disruption spirits or because wrath of the almighty creator
    Hippocrates : the incidence of disease caused by environmental influences
    China : disease arises because the disruption in the body's fluid balance ( humoral theory )
    In medieval times illnesses arising from sisa2 decay , so that pollute the air and the surrounding environment .
    In the next abad2 , sizable changes in the concept of disease by the detection of infectious disease issue is resolved microscope → noncommunicable diseases appear in advanced negara2
    It is recognized that the factors causing the disease can not be dilepasakan and interrelated factors play a role in the disease process ( A , H & E )
Concept and Process of Disease Causes
ØSuatu diseases arise by the operation of a variety of factors ( agent , landlord or the environment )
ØSecara this opinion widely known by the term " compound causes " ( multiple causation deases ) and " sole cause " ( single causation )
ØBanyak concept suggested by experts regarding the occurrence of disease . Nowadays known as 3model disease process
Web of causation

    According to this model , a disease that is not subject to an independent cause but as a result of a series of the "cause " and " effect"
    Thus , the onset of the disease can be prevented or stopped by severing the chain at the point of
wheel

    The model also memerlikan wheel identification of several factors that play a role in the onset of disease , with not so emphasized the importance of the agent . Here the emphasis the relationship between man and his environment .
Epidemiology triangle

    According to this model , if there is a change of one factor will change the balance between them which will result in an increase or decrease in the relevant disease

                                              HOUSE =================== > AGENT

                                                               Environtment

Physiological requirements of a healthy home

Physiological requirements of a healthy home
Physiological requirements
Healthy Homes criteria must be met good ventilation , adequate lighting , to avoid the presence of noise and recreation field , especially for the kids to play .
1 ) Ventilation .
Ventilation is important to note , the house should be made ​​so that fresh air can get into the house , so that the smoke and foul air , can be lost very quickly . This can be achieved by placing doors and windows to the right position , so that air can get into the rooms and the room another room in the house . Fentilasi function is :
a) Keeping the air flow in the house to keep it fresh .
b ) Freeing indoor air of bacteria , especially pathogenic bacteria , due to continuous air flow .
c ) Maintain the room so that moisture can be maintained optimally .
2 ) Lighting
A home can be considered as a healthy home if it has adequate lighting . This is because due to the nature of light has to kill the bacteria or germs that enter the home . Besides the bullet note the level of luminosity . Lack of lighting will cause some of the effects on the eyes , comfort , as well as the productivity of a person . Therefore it can be said that adequate lighting in a home health greatly affecting every person in it .
3 ) Noise
Currently the effect of noise is considered only by everyone , this is because the noise can interfere with a person's concentration and comfort especially when sudden arrival of such eruptions can disrupt life . People who suffer from heart disease could died instantly due to the eruption . Healthy home is a house that could be spared from noise / far away from the noise source .

Terms of sanitary means of excreta disposal

Terms of sanitary means of excreta disposal
There are types of latrines and excreta disposal facilities that will be selected to be built or applied to the public must be able to meet the requirements of sanitary means of excreta disposal were as follows : ( Ehlers & Steel )
a) There was no contamination of the soil surface
b ) There was no contamination of the ground water that may enter springs and wells .
c ) can not be reached by the excreta of flies , caterpillars , cockroaches and dogs .
d ) There was no handling of fresh excreta , if unavoidable , should be kept to a minimum .
e ) Should be free from odor or unpleasant conditions .
f ) The method used should be simple and inexpensive in construction and implementation .
g ) Can be accepted by society .
The requirements that need to be considered in latrine construction is as follows .

 ( Anonymous , 2009) :
a) result in the pollution of drinking water sources , and existing ground surface around the pit .
b ) Avoid breeding / spread of hookworm on the soil surface .
c ) Do not allow the breeding of flies and other insects .
d ) Avoid or prevent the onset of smell and sight are not menyedapkan .
e ) Ensuring construction is simple , robust and cheap and commercialize a system that can be used and accepted by society .

The factors in the method of disposal of excreta

The factors in the method of disposal of excreta
The factors to be considered in the method of excreta disposal among other non-technical factors ( Notoatmodjo , 2003) .
a. Technical factors include :

         1 ) factor decomposition of human excreta
The phenomenon of human excreta decomposition holds a very important role in the planning system is a means of excreta disposal . Many excreta disposal facilities are planned capacity and the working principle based on this phenomenon . Decomposition of excreta which is a process and this occurred naturally carry 3 main activities :
1 ) Solving complex organic compounds such as proteins and urea into forms more simple and stable .
2 ) Measurement of volume and mass ( sometimes up to 80 % ) even decompose to produce gases such as methane , carbon dioxide , ammonia , and nitrogen is released into the atmosphere and to produce materials that are soluble in certain circumstances seep into the ground .
3 ) The destruction of pathogenic organisms which in some cases do not survive in the processes of decomposition or against biological attack that life is very much present in the mass decayed . Bacteria play a major role in the decomposition and the activity of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria carry out this decomposition process .

           2 ) Factors quantity of human feces
The quantity of human waste produced is influenced by local conditions , not only physiological factors , but also cultural factors and religion . If not available in an area of local research data planning purposes it can be used a total number of excreta production of 1 kg (net weight ) per person / day .
3 ) . Factors of soil and groundwater contamination
In soil and groundwater contamination by excreta is important information that should be considered in the planning of excreta disposal facilities , particularly in relation to planning the location of sources of drinking water available . Distance transfer of bacteria in soil is influenced by many factors , one important factor is the factor parositas ground . Movement of groundwater bacteria usually reach a distance of less than 90 cm , and vertically downward less than 3 m in hole open to heavy rain and no more than 60 centimeters normally on porous soil .
4 ) Factor placement fecal water facilities
There are no definite rules to determine the distance between the latrines and safe drinking water , because it is influenced by many factors , such as slope and height of the ground water and soil permeability .

   5 ) . Factors flies breeding in excreta
It should be avoided or prevented the occurrence of breeding flies on feces in the pits. Conditions dark pits and covered actually been able to prevent the breeding of flies , both because of its density and the nature of the phototropisme positive flies ( attracted to light and away from darkness or dark surfaces ) .

             6 ) Factors pits closed

 Should the effort to close the pits to encourage users privy to the proper functioning properly . In the simplest possible construction until the wearer is not too difficult to use .

            7 ) technical factors engineering
In the planning and construction of excreta disposal facilities in order to be pursued :
a) The application of knowledge engineering techniques , such as in choosing the type of installation in accordance with the conditions of the existing soil layer .
b ) pengguanaan local building materials to be able to cut costs significantly , eg the use of bamboo for the collapse of the retaining walls of the hole , to the bone slab amplifier and so on .
c ) Selection and determination of building design installations that can be handled by local workers , skilled workers are also available should be utilized as much as possible .

              b . Non-technical factors :

           1 ) The human factor
In the matter of disposal of excreta , human factors are as important as technical factors . People will not want to use the latrines of the type that does not like or that does not provide sufficient privacy to him , or that can not be kept clean. The first stage in planning excreta disposal system in an area is the improvement of the existing system . Further development of the system should always seek the provision / creation is sufficient privacy for prospective users .

 Application of this principle is the need for a clear separation between the privy chamber to the other sex , the need for latrines provided sufficient amount of space in accordance with the number of users . One pit latrine enough for a family of 5 or 6 people . Latrines are used for camping , markets or places like should be provided at least one hole for 15 people and 1 pit to school for 15 women and one hole + 1 urinal for 25 men .
2 ) The cost factor
Type of latrine is recommended for people and families should be simple , acceptable , economical development , maintenance and replacement . This cost factor is relative , because the most expensive system of manufacture can be the least expensive for the calculation of long-term , given a longer period of use because of its strength as well as the most convenient and economical in terms of maintenance .

 In planning and the selection of the type of latrine , the cost should not be a dominant factor . We need to find a middle ground based on careful consideration of all related elements , which can create an environment that is sanitary and can be accepted by the family .