jasmine cultivation

jasmine cultivation A BRIEF HISTORY Jasmine is a flower plant ornamental shrubs such as chronic trunked upright living. In Italy casablanca jasmine (Jasmine officinalle), called Spansish Jasmine planted in 1692 to make perfume. In 1665 in England cultivated white jasmine (J. sambac) which was introduced by Duke Casimo de 'Meici. In 1919 discovered jasmine J. parkeri in the Northwest region of India, then cultivated in Britain in 1923. In Indonesian jasmine name known by people all over the archipelago. Local names for jasmine is menuh (Bali), Meulu cut or Meulu China (Aceh), Menyuru (Banda), Melur (Gayo and Batak Karo), manduru (Manado), Mundu (Bima and Sumbawa) and Manyora (East) , and Malete (Madura). 
 
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2. TYPES OF PLANTS
Among the 200 species of jasmine that have been identified by botanists only about 9 common types of jasmine are cultivated and there are 8 types of jasmine potential to be used as an ornamental plant. Most types of jasmine grows wild in the forests because they have not revealed the economic and social potential. Jasmine plants include jasmine-melatian tribe or family Oleaceae. The position of the jasmine plant systematics / taxonomy plants are as follows:
    Kingdom: Plantae
    Division: Spermatophyta
    Subdivision: Angiospermae
    Class: Dicotyledonae
    Order: Oleales
    Family: Oleaceae
    Genus: Jasminum
    Species: Jasminum sambac (L) Ait W. ..
Types, varieties and traits important (characteristic) jasmine plant are as follows:

    Jasmine sambac Air (white jasmine, flower of the nation)
    Jasmine multiflora Andr (wild jasmine: jasmine gambier, poncosudo, Star Jasmine, J,. Pubescens willd).
    Jasmine officinale (jasmine casablanca, Spanish Jasmine) is synonymous with J. floribundum = Jasmine   grandiflorum). shrubs as high as 1, 5 meters.
    Rex Jasmine (Jasmine King, King Jasmine).
    Dunn parkeri Jasmine (jasmine pot).
    Mensyi Jasmine (Jasmine primulinum, jasmine pimrose).
    Jasmine Sims revolutum (jasmine Italy)
    Simplicifolium Jasmine (jasmine Australia, J. volibile, m. Stars)
    Jasmine hybrid. Pink and fragrant flowers.
The type and Bed varietes in the island of Java, among others:

    Jasmine. Sambac (Jasmine White), among other varieties: Maid of Orleans, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Rose Pikeke Menur
    Jasmine. multiflorum (Star Jasmine)
    Jasmine officinale (jasmine Gambir) 

3. BENEFIT PLANT
Useful as a jasmine flower sow, industrial materials perfume, cosmetics, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, decorate wreaths and tea mix ingredients or fragrances. 

4. PLANTING CENTER
In Indonesian jasmine plant propagation centers are concentrated in Central Java, especially in all district, Purbalingga and Tegal. 

5. GROWTH CONDITIONS
5.1. Climate
Rainfall is 112-119 mm / month with 6-9 days of rain / month, and has a dry climate with 2-3 months and 

5-6 months wet.
    Air temperature 28-36 degrees C during the day and night temperature 24-30 degrees C,
    Air humidity (RH) which is suitable for the cultivation of 50-80%.
    In addition to the development of the most suitable jasmine cultivation in the area gets enough sunlight. 

5.2. Growing Media
    Jasmine plants generally thrive on soil type Podsolic Red Yellow (FMD), and andosol latosol.
    Jasmine plants need soil to loamy sand texture, aeration and good drainage, fertile, friable, contains a lot of organic matter and have. The degree of acidity of the soil is good for growing these plants is pH = 5-7.

5.3. The Altitude
Jasmine plants can grow and produce well in the lowlands to the highlands at an altitude of 10-1600 m asl. However, each type of jasmine has its own adaptation to the environment is growing. White jasmine (J. sambac) is ideal planted in the lowlands to an altitude of 600 m above sea level, while Jasmine Star Jasmine (J.multiflorum) can adapt well to a height of 1,600 m above sea level. In the production of jasmine centrum, as in Tegal regency, Purbalingga and Pemalang (Central Java), jasmine grows well in lowland to highland medium (0-700 m asl). 

6. RAISING GUIDELINES 
 
6.1. Nurseries
    Seed Seeding Technique: Plug each seedling cuttings on medium 10-15 cm / one-third of the length of the cuttings. Close the container surface seedbed with plastic sheets clear (transparent) in order to keep the air moist.
    Seeding Maintenance / Seeding
        Preparation of nursery places:
            Prepare a place / container seedlings a large pot / polybag, seedling medium (a mixture of soil, sand sterile / clean).
            Check the bottom of the container nursery and give a small hole for the disposal of excess water.
            Fill medium seedlings into containers until quite full / 20-30 cm thick. Seedling medium flush with clean water until damp.
        Maintenance seedlings cuttings:
            Perform continuous watering 1-2 times a day.
            Keep the cuttings seed gets morning sun.
            Move seedlings cuttings that have rooted sufficiently strong (aged 1-23 months) into a polybag containing growth medium mixture of soil, sand and organic fertilizer (1:1:1).
            Maintain intensive jasmine seeds (watering, fertilizing and spraying pesticides low dose) to 3-month-old seedlings. 

6.2. Media Processing Plant
    Land Opening
        Clean the location for the jasmine garden of weeds (weeds), useless trees / rocks for easy management of the land.
        Tillage in the manner hoe / plowed as deep as 30-40 cm until crumbly, then let it air dry for 15 days
    Formation of Beds: Shaping 100-120 cm wide beds, 30-40 cm high, the distance between the beds 40-60 cm and a length adapted to land conditions.
    Liming: Soil pH is acidic which can be improved through liming, for example with lime calcite (CaCO3) {dolomite CaMg (CO3) 2}, lime grilled (Quick lime, CaO) / lime hydrate (lime Slakked, {Ca (OH) 2 }. functionality / usability is liming acid soils to raise the pH of the soil, as well as to add the elements Ca and Mg.
    Fertilization: Spread manure over the soil surface, then mix evenly with a layer of top soil. Manure included in each planting hole as much as 1-3 kg. Manure doses ranged from 10-30 tonnes / hectare. Planting hole made size 40 x 40 x 40 cm with a distance between holes of 100-150 cm. Land preparation should be done in the spring kemarau/1-2 months before the rainy season.
6.3. Planting Techniques

    Determination of Cropping Pattern: A month before planting, seeds adapted jasmine used around the garden. Garden soil ready for planting base fertilizer consists of 3 grams of TSP plus 2 grams of KCI per plant. When each contained approximately 60,000 hectares planting holes (spacing of 1.0 mx 1.5 m), consisting of a basic fertilizer needs 180 kg TSP and 120 kg KCI. Together with the basic fertilizer can be added "pembenah and soil stabilizer" for example Agrovit, Stratos / humus acid Gro-Mate
    Hole Making Plant: in polybag seedlings watered jasmine growing medium and roots. Each planting hole of the seedlings planted jasmine. Land near the base of the seedling stem jasmine solidified slowly so their roots in direct contact with groundwater.
    Planting Method: Plant spacing can vary, depending on the shape of culture cultivation, soil fertility and planted jasmine types, shapes culture plantation spacing is generally 1 x 1.5 m, while the other variation is 40 x 40 cm, 40 x 25 cm and 100 x 40 cm.
6.4. Plant Maintenance

    Thinning and Stitching. : How replanting is to replace dead plants / herbs abnormal with new seedlings. Stitching techniques are the same with the planting of governance, it's just done on location / block / seedlings planting hole needs to be replaced. Replanting period should be no more than one month after planting. Stitching aiming as early as possible in order not to complicate the next planting and maintenance of plant growth becomes uniform. Time replanting should be done in the morning / afternoon, when the sun is not too hot and the air temperature is not too hot.
    Weeding: At the age of one month after planting, garden jasmine is often overgrown with weeds (weeds). This weed competitor jasmine plants in meeting the needs sunlight, water and nutrients.
    Fertilization: Fertilization jasmine plant performed every three months. The type and dosage of fertilizer used consisted of 300-700 kg urea, KCI STP 300-500 kg and 100-300 kg / ha / year. Fertilizer can be done by distributed evenly in the trenches in between the rows of plants / plant canopy around 10-15 cm deep, then covered with soil. Fertilization can also be a way to enter the fertilizer into the drill holes around the jasmine plant canopy. When fertilizing is before pruning, flowering time, according to the current crop of flowers and less vibrant growth. Fertilizer can increase the production of jasmine, especially the type of fertilizer that is rich in phosphorus (P), as Gandasil B (6-20-30) / blue Hyponex (10-40-15) and time of foliar fertilizer spraying done in the morning (09.00 ) or afternoon (15:30 to 16:30 pm) or when the sun is not scorching sting.
    Irrigation and Watering: In the early phase of growth, jasmine plants need adequate water availability. Watering needs to be continuously each day until the plant was about 1 month. Watering is done 1-2 times a day ie in the morning and evening. How water is clean with IAR watered each plant until the soil around the roots moist enough.
    Time Spraying Pesticide: Substances stimulating / Growing regulators (PGR) can be used to maintain and increase flower production, flower aphrodisiac affecting both the flowering jasmine is Cycocel (Chloromiguat) and Etherel. Jasmine plants sprayed with 5000 ppm concentration Cycocel deliver the highest interest yield, ie 1.45 kg / plant. Method of administration: aphrodisiac flower is sprayed on the entire plant, especially the ends and flowering shoots. Recommended concentration of 3,000 ppm to 5,000 ppm-Cycocel or 500-1500 ppm when used Ethrel.
    Other: Plants generally grow jasmine creeper, except on some kind of budget, such as the Grand Duke of Tuscany varieties which grow upright type. High pruning is very dependent on the type of jasmine, white jasmine type (J.sambac) can prune at a height of 75 cm from the soil surface, whereas type Spnish Jasmine jasmine (J. officinale var. Grandiflorum) as high as 90 cm from the soil surface.
7. PEST AND DISEASE
Jasmine plants are not spared from pests and diseases, the basic principles and priorities pest control technology / disease.

    Biological control is done by utilizing the maximum pest natural enemies (parasitoids, perdator, pathogens) by:
        enter, maintain, reproduce, releasing natural enemies
        reducing the use of synthetic organic pesticides wide spectrum / using selective pesticides.
    Agricultural ecosystems are managed in a manner:
        use of healthy seed
        field sanitation
        balanced fertilization
        Good crop rotation
        use of trap crops,
    Pesticides used selectively based on the results of the monitoring and analysis of ecosystems. 

7.1. Pest
    Caterpillars palpita (Palpita unionalis Hubn):
        These pests include the order Lepidoptera and the family Pyralidae, Stadium pests that damage crops was jasmine larvae (caterpillars).
        Control: is done by cutting the weight of the affected plants and spraying insecticides and sangkil mangkus, eg Decis 2.5 EC, Perfekthion 400 E / Curacron 500 EC.
    Flower borer (Hendecasis duplifascials):
        These pests include the order Lepidoptera and the family Pyralidae.
        Symptoms: attack by way of broaching jasmine plant / flower punch that failed to bloom. Flowers are attacked become damaged and sometimes secondary infection by fungus to cause rotting flowers.
        Control: mangkus sprayed with insecticides, such as Decis 2.5 EC, 50 EC Cascade / L Lannate.
    Thips (Thrips sp):
        Including the order Thysanoptera Thrips and family Thripidae. These pests are predators of all types of plants (polifag).
        Symptoms: attack by sucking the liquid surface of the leaf, especially young leaves (shoots).
        Control: is done by reducing the variety of types of host plants around the garden jasmine and spraying insecticides mangkus: WP Mesurol 50, Pegasus 500 SC / Dicarzol 25 SP.
    Peudococcus scales (Psuedococcus longispinus):
        These pests include the order Homoptera Pseudococcidae and families that live in groups on the surface of the leaf stalk shoots and bottom to resemble scales gray or yellowish.
        Symptoms: attack plants by sucking plant cell fluids and fluid dispensing honey.
        Control: performed by spraying insecticides mangkus, for example Bassa 500 EC / Nogos 50 EC.
    Caterpillars nausinoe (Nausinoe geometralis):
        These pests include the order Lepidoptera and the family Pyralidae.
        Feature: brown moth with an average body length of 12 mm and a length of approximately a wing span of 24 mm and a brown speckled transparent.
        Symptoms: attack the leaves of jasmine plants identical (same) with P. unionalis worm attack.
    Other Pests. :
        Another pest is often found mealybug (Dialeurodes citri) and mite shell (scale insects). Flocking attached to the branches, twigs, and shoots of the jasmine plants, attacked by sucking the fluid cell, so that the process of photosynthesis (metabolism).
        Control is done by spraying insecticides mangkus, as Perfekthion 400 EC / Decis 2.5 EC. 

7.2. Disease
    Leaf blight:
        Cause: The fungus (mushroom) Rhizcotonia solani Kuhn.
        Symptoms: attack the leaves are located near the soil surface.
    Hawar thread (Thread Blight):
        Cause: The fungus Marasmiellus scandens (Mass.).
        Symptoms: attack the branches of jasmine plants.
    Flower blight (Flower Blight):
        Cause: The fungus (mushroom) Curvularia sp. Fusarium and Phoma sp sp.
        Symptoms: flowers rot, brown and sometimes fall flowers.
    Mushrooms policeman:
        Cause: The fungus Capnodium salmonicolor. This disease attacks the stems and branches of woody plants jasmine.
        Symptoms: decomposition covered by a layer of pink fungus on infected plant parts apnodium sp. and Meliola jasmini Hansf. et Stev. Symptoms capnodium upper surface of the leaf is covered with black sooty mold evenly.
    Leaf spots:
        Cause: The fungus Pestaloita sp.
        Symptoms: patches of brown to blackish on the leaves.
    Leaf rust (Rust):
        Cause: parasitic green algae (Cephaleuros virescens Kunze).
        Symptoms: on the surface of affected leaves patchy reddish-merahaan and fluffy. This disease primarily affects older leaves.
    Anthracnose:
        Cause: The fungus Colletotrichum gloesporoides.
        Symptoms: tiny spots formed blackish color. The spots enlarged and elongated pink, especially on the leaves. Severe attacks can cause dead end (die back).
    Other diseases:
        Rotten flowers by Erwinia bacteria tumafucuens. Nodule by nematodes Meloidogyne incognito, abnormilitas causes plant roots. The virus causes stunted plant growth inhibition of jasmine, mottled leaves and sometimes entire branches and shoots become stiff. 

8. HARVEST 

8.1. Characteristics and Harvest
The characteristics of jasmine flowers that have been harvested time is already large flower size (maximum) and still buds / half bloom. Jasmine production in Indonesia is still low which ranged between 20-25 kg / ha / day. Jasmine plants begin flowering at the age of 7-12 months after planting. Jasmine harvest can be done throughout the year in many times to plant age between 5-10 years. Every year flowering jasmine plants generally lasts for 12 weeks (3 months).
8.2. How to Harvest
Jasmine flower plucking should be done in early afternoon, when the sun is not too hot / not too hot temperatures.
8.3. Harvest Period
Most jasmine harvest ranges between 1-2 weeks. Furthermore, the production rate will be decreased and then increased again 2 months
8.4. Production Forecast
Jasmine flower production is usually highest during the rainy season, in Central Java, jasmine harvest in the dry season produces 5-10 kg / ha, while the harvest in the rainy season reaches 300-1.000kg/ha. Data jasmine production in Indonesia ranges from 1.5-2 tonnes / ha / yr in the rainy season and 0.7-1 tonnes / ha / yr in the dry season.
9. Postharvest
9.1. Collection
Jasmine flowers in the open will quickly wither to maintain / extend the freshness of flowers were laid in a winnowing tray lined plastic sheet is then stored in the cold room temperature between 0-5 degrees C.
9.2. Others
One of the products of post-harvest processing of jasmine flowers is Jasmine Oil.
    Special jasmine oil, the oil extracted from jasmine flowers with petroleum ether solvent, as the raw material of high quality perfume.
    Regular jasmine oil, which is oil extracted from jasmine flowers with benzole solvent, as a raw material quality perfume was.
    Special pomade oil, oil that is obtained with jasmine enfleurage techniques, hair oil as a raw material.
    Oil pomade usual, the oil extracted from jasmine flowers enfleurage former, as technical deodorizer.
Enfleurage technique called smear technique. The working principle of jasmine flower extract the smear technique is as follows:
    Apply grease on the surface of thin glass muri.
    Put the jasmine flowers are still fresh (new quotes) above the surface of the glass.
    Save the thin glass with jasmine flowers in storage shelves made of plastic, wood / stainless metal.
    Let jasmine flowers for 3-4 days until the flowers wilted.
    Jasmine flowers that had wilted immediately discarded to be replaced with new flowers / still fresh.
    Do it this way would be repeated for 2-3 months until the fat filled jasmine perfume.
Jasmine oil extraction technique can be done by using a hollow tube.

    Put fresh jasmine flowers into the tube, then circulate solvent (alcohol, ether, chlorofrom, ecetone, pure fat, petroleum ether) on an ongoing basis.
    Distributes fluid extracts containing solvent and jasmine flower elements into the vacuum tubes is heated to evaporate the solvent modest. Diallirkan solvent vapor back into a liquid to the condenser in order.
    Add ethanol to the element of jasmine flowers. Elements of jasmine flowers is usually a solid wax (concrete) that still contain dyes, resins and other elements that do not evaporate.
    Mix the oil with alcohol was then filtered again to remove the resin content.
    Do the absolute distillation using glycol sthlene irradiation with UV light to eliminate dyes.

orchid cultivation tips

1 . A BRIEF HISTORY
Orchid is an ornamental flowering plant in the form of the parasite that beautiful flower . Orchid has been known since 200 years ago and since last 50 years ranging widely cultivated in Indonesia .
2 . TYPES OF PLANTS
Species of orchids are found in Indonesia, including the type of beautiful , among others : Vanda tricolor found in West Java and in Ground , Vanda hookeriana , mottled purple comes from Sumatra , orchids Larat / phalaenopis Dendrobium , orchid month / Phalaenopsis amabilis , orchids Apple Blossom , orchids Paphiopedilun praestans originating from Irian Jaya and Paphiopedilun glaucophyllum orchids from Central Java . Orchid plants can be distinguished by the nature of his life , namely :

    Ephytis orchid is a type of orchid that menupang in trunk / another tree but not damage / harm boarded . The instrument is used to stick the roots , while the roots function to find food is the root of the air .
    Ephytis spring orchid species of orchids are attached to trees / other plants that do not impair the carrying , only root adhesion also serve as aerial roots are in search of food to thrive .
    Ground orchids / orchid Terrestris is a type of orchid that lives on land .
3 . BENEFIT PLANT
The main benefit of this plant is grown as an ornamental because orchids have beauty , distinctive smell . Additionally useful orchids as medicine herb mixture , perfume ingredients / hair oil .
4 . PLANTING CENTER
Sentra orchid plants in Europe are the UK , while in Asia is Thailand . In Indonesia , many orchids are in West Java , Central Java , Sumatra or in Irian Jaya .
5 . GROWTH CONDITIONS
5.1 . climate

    The wind and rain did not significantly affect the growth of orchids .
    Sunlight is needed at all for this plant . Light needs vary depending on the type of orchid plants .
    The minimum temperature for the growth of orchids is 12.7 degrees C. If night temperatures are below 12.7 degrees C , then the area is not recommended for planting orchids ( in the Dieng plateau ) .
    Orchid plants do not fit in a wet atmosphere continuously, but like the air humidity of 65-70 % during the day .
5.2 . Growing Media
There are 3 types of media for orchid plants , namely :

    Medium for orchids and Semi Ephytis Ephytis consists of :
        Fern fiber that has been boiled .
        2 . Discarded bark sap .
        Coconut fibers that have been soaked in water for 2 weeks .
        Palm fiber .
        Pieces of palm trees .
        Wood charcoal .
        Broken tiles / bricks .
        The materials are cut according to the size of the plants and roots . For Semi Epirit orchids whose roots attached to the media to look for food , need to be given additional foods such as compost , manure / leaves.
    Medium for orchids Terrestria : This orchid species live in the soil it is necessary plus compost , husks , manure , animal blood , fibers and other ferns .
    Medium for orchids semi Terrestria : Material for this orchid media need a rather large tile fragments , plus chaff manure / wood shavings . Media used broken tiles , wood fibers , fibers and other ferns . The degree of acidity of the soil water used is 5.2 .
5.3 . The altitude
Altitude suitable for the cultivation of this plant can be divided into 3 kinds:

    Hot Orchid ( altitude 0-650 m asl ) : Orchids require hot air temperature 26-30 degrees C during the day , 21 degrees C at night , with an altitude of 0-650 meters above sea level areas . Examples of types of orchids are :
        Dendrobium phalaenopsis
        Onchidium Papillo
        Phaphilopedillum Bellatum
    Orchids were ( altitude 150-1500 m asl ) : Orchid was on the daytime air temperature of 21 degrees C and 15-21 degrees C , at night , with an altitude of 150-1500 m above sea level .
    Orchids cold ( more than 1500 m asl ) : cool rare orchids growing in Indonesia , grew well at temperatures of 15-21 degrees C during the day and 9-15 degrees C at night , with a height = 1500 m above sea level . Example : Cymbidium orchids types .
6 . RAISING GUIDELINES
6.1 . Nurseries

    Requirements Seed : Seed orchids good , healthy and has some superior characteristics , namely : form strong stem , rapid growth , lush foliage , flowers dense and beautiful .
    Spreading Seeds : Seeds of orchids comes from the seeds planted . The orchid seed dispersal as follows :
        Equipment used for seed dispersal must be clean .
        Sterilize seeds : Prior to spread seeds should be sterilized first with 10 grams of chlorine dissolved in 100 cc of water then filter paper filter , put in a bottle . Seeds inserted in the bottle and shaken 10 minutes . ( originally yellow orchid seeds change color to greenish brown ) . Then the water was removed and replaced with distilled water , shaken repeatedly ( 2-3 times ) .
        Orchid seed dispersal : The bottles that have been sterilized can be used to menyebaran orchid seed . Before opening the bottle, the bottle neck is heated above spritus light to eliminate germs . To enter into the orchid seed is used pipette bottles were cleaned first by way of warming over spritus lights up red and then dipped into spritus . Bottle that has been opened and then filled and leveled orchid seeds throughout the base surface of the food that has been provided . Before we heat the bottle closed again above spritus then closed again .
    Seed Seeding Technique :
        Memeriksaan with a microscope , whether or not the orchid seed , white empty the contents of yellow and brown / other color .
        Preparing a wide -mouthed bottle clean and colorless in order to continue the needed sunlight and easily seen .
        Bottle caps of cotton rolled - up hard rolls , tied rope ends to facilitate stripped back , or the rest of the cut fabric pieces . Density bottle caps keep bacteria / fungus does not go so not infected or contaminated .
        Preparing glass cabinets ( ent - cash ) clean of bacteria / fungi with a cloth that has been dipped in a cabinet air formalin sterilized with formaldehyde poured cotton so that the plate glass sterilize evaporates ( ent - cash ) .
        Making sterilsasi pedestal base food and to make food orchids commonly used prescription Khudson C ( Northen ) 12 , namely :
            Ca ( NO3 ) 2H2O : 1.00 grams
            KH2PO4 : 0.25 grams
            MgSO47H2O : 0.25 grams
            ( NH4 ) 2SO4 : 0.25 grams
            Saccharose : 20 grams
            FeSO4 4H2O : 0.25 grams
            MnSO4 : 0.0075 grams
            Agar-agar : 15 to 17.5 grams
            Distilled water : 1000 cc
            Making the necessary food base pH 5.2 , pH meter used paper / textile pH / Indicator Paper . Sterilization by heating in Autoclaf that up to 110 degrees C for half an hour or by steamer and then placed in a clean place , on his side , so foods high 1/2-2/3 bottle height ( from the base up to the neck of the bottle ) and allowed to stand for 5-7 hours to find the perfect sterilization .
    Seed Displacement : Having plants in the 9-12 month old bottle looks great , growing roots . In this level can be moved into the seed has been seeding pots with a diameter of 7 cm , 12 cm or 16 cm with holes . Prepare broken tiles , and brown fern root , cut with a length of 5-30 mm so that the fibers apart from each other . Before the first use and let the water washed away. Fern roots after being washed , soaked first in the base food for 24 hours in the form of :
        Urea or ZA : 0.50 mg
        DS , TS or ES : 0.25 mg
        Potassium sulfate or K2SO4 : 0.25 mg
        Water : 1000 cc
        Another alaternatif as the base foods , artificial fertilizers can also be used a mixture of N, P , K ratio of 60:30:10 or can also be used manure that has been mixed with a fern frond ratio : 4:1 = manure . Moreover, it can be used pine bark in small pieces of peanut seeds , which had been soaked in foods such as fern roots base for 24 hours . For stuffing pots can also be used firewood charcoal / coconut fiber chopped thumb . Prepared pots filled with broken tiles third tall pots / layah , then the contents of crushed ferns as high as 1 cm below the edge of the pot / layah ( does not need to be compacted ) . Transplanting into pots done by removing the plants by inserting a water bottle into the bottle . With a clean wire leads like the letter U , the plant released one by one ( first root ) . After exiting the plant chlorine 1 % then washed with clean water . Seedlings ( seedlings ) were planted in pots with the meeting . If in the bottle is as good as fungal contamination first soaked in antibiotics ( penicillin , streptomycin Past expirydatenya ) newly planted 10 minutes .
    Displacement of Pot Seeding : After seeding plants in pots is high enough , the plants were transferred to pots usual 4-6 cm in diameter , containing pieces of urgent / brick red , then give the fern / pine bark that has been soaked in a food base to 1 cm under the edge of the pot .
6.2 . Media Processing Plant
Media planting soil for orchids distinguished :

    Plants in pots ( with a diameter of 7-30 cm depending on the type of plant ) . If the diameter of 25-30 cm pots chosen it needs to be installed pole in the middle of the pot , then the pot filled with broken tiles . Orchids in place in the middle and its roots spread evenly in the pot , then the orchid stem tied to a pole . Pots filled with manure that has been mixed according to the composition of approximately 2/3 of the pot .
    Media planting in soil with cropping systems tanks . Bathtub made ​​from red bricks length of 2 m wide and 40 cm tall tub 2 layers of red bricks . Making the tub on the ground to avoid kebecekan , in dry soil excavated as deep as 10-20 cm and then given a brick size of 40 cm x 2 m and the distance between pembantas with another 3 cm . Pole holder made ​​4 pieces that plug into the ground with a height of 1.5 m , respectively . Between one another pole connected to the timber so the fourth pole is a complete circuit.
6.3 . Planting techniques
Planting orchids , adapted to the nature of live orchid plants , namely :

    Ephytis orchids are orchids that menupang in trunk / another tree but not damage / harm or ditempelin carrying . The instrument is used to stick the roots , while the roots function to find food is the root of the air .
    Ephytis spring orchid species of orchids are attached to trees / other plants that do not damage affixed , only root adhesion also serve as aerial roots are in search of food to thrive .
    Ground orchids / orchid terrestris .
6.4 . Plant maintenance

    Thinning and Stitching : Spacing and stitching done in places that are tailored to the type of orchid , orchid nature epphytis or soil .
    Weeding : For weeding orchids at the time the condition in the bottle and then separated into pots that have been provided according to the type of orchid .
    Fertilization : Elements macro elements that are required in large quantities include : C , H , O , N , S , P , K , Ca , Mg . For the micro elements are the elements needed in small amounts , such as: Cu , Zn , Mo , Mn , V , Sc , B , Si , and so on . Elements of macro and micro elements can be taken from the air or from the ground , in the form of gas or water and salts dissolved in it . Fertilization on orchid plants were divided into three stages , namely :
        Fertilization for seedlings ( seedlings ) with N , P , K. Comparison of N : P : K = 6:3:1 . Of N required for the formation of more plant growth and development . Elements taken from ZA N / urea , fertilizers used for P ES ; DS ; TS , and K of Potassium Sulfate ( K2SO4 ) . Artificial fertilizers containing N , P , K :
            Urea : 0.6 grams to 1 liter of water
            ES : 0.3 grams to 1 liter of water
            ZK : 0.1 grams to 1 liter of water
        Fertilization for medium-size ( mid-size ) with N , P , K. Comparison of N : P : K = 3:3:3 same here does not require much additional fertilizer , it can dususun own fertilizer containing N , P , K with way of example :
            Urea : 0.3 grams to 1 liter of water
            DS : 0.3 grams to 1 liter of water
            K2SO4 : 0.3 grams to 1 liter of water
        Fertilizer for flowering size ( flowerings - size ) : Plants that are in bloom fertilized by comparison of N: P : K = 1:6:1 . The technique of artificial fertilizer is :
            In solid / powder sprinkled done carefully , do not get caught on the leaf / stem which causes the leaves / stems can be burned earlier .
            Splashed , which can absorb water orchids and salts dissolved in it . How much do these everywhere .
            Spraying , is a very good way in case of root decay in it , then the roots are covered plastik.Pupuk cages are often used horse manure , cow , buffalo , goat , chicken and others. Goodness use manure in addition to containing a variety of elements needed by plants is also very helpful in water retention , especially in the dry season . The ugliness of this manure is in the dirt much battery containing mushrooms . For the first disangan advisable to remove mold / bacteria in it . Fertilizing plants is better done on time in the morning or in the afternoon around 5:00 pm .
    Irrigation and Watering : Water source for watering orchids can be derived from :
        Water Plumbing , either to flush as clear and sterile , but high pH it needs to be lowered by adding an acid , for example HCl . PH from about 5.6 to 6 .
        Well water , well for watering because the soil contains a lot of minerals that are needed by plants . Water wells in the area should be considered pH lime .
        Rainwater , which is collected in tong-tong/bak very good for menyiraman .
        River water / sewer water , but we do not know for sure whether the water contains fungi , bacteria / algae that could interfere with orchid / no . When viewed from the angle of the contents of the food may be good enough . It should be noted for orchid growers is to know the properties of stuffing the pot in order to adjust the amount of water to flush . As for the kind of stuffing pots and properties described as berkut :
            Broken tiles / red rock fragments , which are easy to evaporate the water and orchid properties that are not so happy with the water so it is not easy to lumutan . For broken tiles smaller more absorbency and to spray less.
            Pieces of coconut husk , coconut fiber consumption is better to use in the heat because it saves water , but if the use is not advantageous in colder regions because it is easily rotten .
            Crushed black fern roots , and the new hardware is not easy to absorb water , after a few months to absorb a lot of water . The roots are brown and soft fern easier to absorb and hold water .
            Pieces of leather fern , where the media is extremely difficult for water absorption , easy evaporation . If the pieces are large , small , and if the absorption of the small piece more water absorption . For large plants that are guidelines for watering 3-7 days once the rainy season and 1-3 days in the rainy season .
    Pesticide Spraying Time : Drugs should be sprayed in the morning , better in the afternoon about 5:00 . Spraying for healthy orchid plants , routinely performed approximately 3 months. Spraying for pests orchid plants need to be repeated 3 times with a certain time period ( for fleas ) leaves once a week . The type and dosage of insecticide used for pest among others :
        Orthene 75 SP dose gram/10 5-10 liters of water to leaf-eating caterpillars
        Bayrusil EC 250 dose of 2 cc / liter of water to leaf-eating caterpillars
        Malathion dose of 3 g / liter of water for caterpillars , beetles , fleas
        Kelthane dose of 2 grams / liter of water , for lice .
        Metadeks dose soaked in water , mixed with bran cc/10 6-8 liters , for snails and water snails
        E.605 Falidol dose soaked in water , mixed with bran cc/10 6-8 liters , for snails and water snails . For pest control snails there are two ways , namely :
            Spreading around potted orchids drug by mixing the drug Metadeks into fine bran in a little water added .
            Make a solution of 1 cc Dieldrin 50 % 25 EP mixed with 1 liter of water or 6-8 cc Folediol E 605 into 10 liters of water . Then potted orchid plants soaked in the solution for some time and repeated once a week .
7 . PEST AND DISEASE
7.1 . pest

    Mites / lice shield
        Symptoms : stick to the leaf midrib ; polynomial reddish ; former attack a black spot and leaf damage .
        Control : rubbed with cotton wool and soapy water ; if the attack is severe , should be sprayed by insecticide with a dose of 2 cc / liter .
    ant
        Symptoms : damage the roots and young shoots are caused by fungi .
        Control : pot soaked in water and created a clean environment around the rack / pot should be hanged .
    Belelang
        Symptoms : leaf fringe broken with irregular jagged wound . For this type of small grasshoppers , need careful observation .
        Control : spray immediately contact insecticides that are toxic / systematic ; if small amounts can be directly destroyed / killed .
    Trips
        Symptoms : stick to the books stems and young leaves ; cause gray patches on the surface of leaves and flowers damaging to the shape of flowers are not attractive .
        Control : periodic and regular potting orchids sprayed insecticides .
    lice pig
        Symptoms : damage caused as a result of ants ; but do not attack the leaf buds .
        Control : immersion can repel fleas pork from the pot orchids .
    snail
        Symptoms : attack the orchid leaf sheets .
        Control : a small number of quite taken / killed ; when large quantities need to use insecticide / framed with powder prusi .
    Red Spinder
        Symptoms : white patches on the underside of leaves ; upper surface gradually becomes yellow and dead leaves .
        Control : if the bit is quite taken with the use isolatip then burned / rub the leaves with alcohol ; if a lot of it is necessary to use an insecticide with the active ingredient diazinon , dicofol .
    beetle
        Symptoms : be stricken special perforated stem weevil damage was a hole in the middle of the rod and not visible from the outside ; The larvae that hatch from the eggs damaging the leaves of orchids .
        Control : spraying crops are attacked by using a systemic insecticide on a regular basis ; clean the pots of beetle pupae and eggs by the road move it to a new pot and planting of new media as well .
    caterpillar leaves
        Symptoms : attack the leaves , flower buds , leaves and flower buds are blooming .
        Control : if small amounts ( 2-5 tails ) can be killed by hand ; when many can use a systemic insecticide ; plants that have been attacked should be separated with plants that are still healthy .
    Ladybug
        Symptoms : suck liquid orchid plant leaves , causing white spots / yellow ; attacked plants over time will bare and leaves berhijau again .
        Control : spray insecticide to eradicate the same as other insects , such as caterpillars , beetles and thrips .
    lice hood
        Symptoms : leaves turn yellow , unhealthy , then turn brown and die .
        Control : as well as eradicate the beetle caterpillars and thrips .
7.2 . disease

    Buluk Disease :
        Often present in the growing medium, the culture of this fungus spores carried by orchid seed as bottle caps are not sterile .
        Symptoms : not able to germinate orchid seed and nursery in the bottle will fail ; sprouts that have grown if it attacked this fungus will die / wither .
        Control : at the beginning of the media attacks that were excluded from the bottle , and the bottle is closed again , done with steriil ; if already large orchid seedling , be removed from the bottle and then washed with fungicide sprouts grown in pots .
    Damping-off diseases :
        Disease is still in the nursery for orchids . The spread of the disease through the water .
        Symptoms : originally a small clear spots on the leaf surface , and then widened , infecting up to the point of growing the shoots and down to the tip of the root , orchid sprouts will rot and die .
        Control : diseased seed should be immediately disposed of , burned to disappear . Collection of pots and sprouts dried and sprayed with fungicide .
    Brown spot disease
        Sprouts types Phalae - nopsis very sensitive to these bacteria , especially in very humid weather . Infection through wet leaves or leaf scars . Touch diseased leaves on healthy leaves can transmit the disease .
        Symptoms : small spots on the leaf nodes . In a few days can be extended throughout the compote , orchid seedling leaves become damaged and die . The disease is extremely virulent , as lethal and contagious .
        Control : This disease is very difficult at the beginning of the attack . In severe attacks , there is no other way except to destroy the entire seedling orchids .
    Black spot disease
        In orchid plants , the disease is contagious malalui root and tools that are not sterill
        Symptoms : blackish brown color arises at the affected plants . Starting from the top to the leaf to bud and down to the tip of the root . Late crop growing , stunted and lead to death .
        Control : affected part is cut and discarded or sprayed fungicide ; cutting tools watered alcohol / burned before use .
    Root rot
        Cause : The fungus Rhizoctonia solani .
        Symptoms : neck root and tuber rot reaches rhizome stems , leaves and tubers of yellow stem , wrinkled , thin and twisted , stunted and unhealthy plants .
        Control : all the diseased parts of the plant are cut and discarded ; mark sprayed with fungicide ( Benlate ) .
    wilt disease
        Cause : The fungus Fusarium Oxyporium .
        Symptoms : similar to root rot disease , but the rhizome there are stripes , or purple circle . In severe attacks , the entire rizhoma be purple , followed by decay in the stem tubers , the plant is very unhealthy .
        Control : the affected areas and traces disposed sprayed Benlate . Plants growing media immediately moved to a new , fresh and clean . Try contained in the current air flow around the plants .
    rot disease
        Cause : The fungus Sclerotium Rolfsi .
        Symptoms : There are small pimple -colored brown on the diseased plants .
        Control : diseased cut and discarded . Media around the potted plants and disinfected with a solution of 4 % formalin or fungicide / antibiotic Natrippene 0.5 % for 1 hour .
    Brown spot disease
        Symptoms : brown spots on the leaf surface , then spread to all parts of the plant .
        Control : get rid of all the affected part , then spray a fungicide / antibiotic Streptomycin or Physan 20 .
    Soft rot disease
        Cause: The bacterium Erwinia Cartovora .
        Symptoms : leaf and root rot and smell . The disease is rapidly expanding , but specifically on the rhizome and stem tubers , spread a little slow .
        Countermeasures : garden equipment must be sterile , the affected part is cut and discarded . Spray Physan 20 , potted plants sprayed with formalin 4 % .
    Ringed spot disease
        Cause : TMVO virus ( Tobacco Mozaic Virus Odontoglos - sum ) .
        Symptoms : raised circle or yellowish stripes on the leaf surface .
        Control : only with the prevention discard diseased and menstrerilkan all cutting tools .
    Cymbidium disease
        Cause : Cymbidium Mozaic virus .
        Symptoms: The original form of the yellowish spots appear dead tissue spots , stripes or circles . Special on Cattleya , spotting was brown or black sunken . Sometimes there are symptoms of leaf tissue death in the middle of the circled normal tissue . Old leaves showed a lot of dead tissue spots .
        Control : prevention is merely discard diseased , and sterilize all equipment used .
    Black rot disease
        Cause : The fungus Phytopytora Omnivore .
        Symptoms appear blackish color
        at the base of the leaf , then soften and rot , the leaves eventually die .
        Control : spray a fungicide such as Dithane M - 45 Baycor , Benlate , Ferban , Physan , Truban or Banrot . For the form of flour using a dose of 2 grams / 2 liters of water .
8 . HARVEST
8.1 . Characteristics and Flowering Plants
Age flowering orchid plants , depending on the species . Mature orchid plants generally flower after 1-2 months of planting. Flower stalks produced roughly the number of florets 2 stalks as much as 20-25 florets pertangkai .
8.2 . How Picking Flowers
To harvest orchids need to be considered , cuts are made at a distance of 2 cm from the base of the flower stalk using a clean cutting tools .
8.3 . Production forecast
Seedlings grown orchids and flower stalks after 2 months will result in the number of florets 2 stalks 20-25 florets / stalk .
9 . postharvest
9.1 . collection
Orchid collection is done based on market demand . Dendrobium orchid species can be harvested in the form of :

    Young plants for seed
    Plants grown for ornamental plants
    cut flowers
Young plants for seed is usually sold in the form of small pots , while the plant is flowering plants are usually mature . For the selected cut flower stalks are already blooming flowerets most ( buds remaining florets 1-3 ) .
9.2 . Sorting and Classification
Been great interest , not illness or injury . Furthermore, the interest is classified in accordance with the requirements based on fitness level or size of interest with a view to selling points that mempertahanankan great interest not cheapen .
9.3 . storage
Storage kelayuan aims to slow down the process of interest , so it is done at the time :

    Freshly picked flowers while waiting for the harvesting is completed .
    Flowers that have been harvested not be sold or transported .
    Flowers experience a trip before it gets to the consumer .
In order to stay fresh flowers need for preservation with the aim that a slower decline in the quality of flowers stay fresh . Dillakukan flower preservation efforts by way of placing flowers in a preservative solution or warm water ( 38-43 degrees C ) for 2 hours . Preservative solution include:

    Solution seven levels up to 30 % .
    2 % sugar solution plus 2 grams physan ( including fungicides ) and 1 g of citric acid per 10 liters .
    2 % sugar solution plus 2 grams of 8 - hydroquinoline sulphate and 1 g of citric acid per 10 liters .
    Levels of 4-5 % sugar solution plus 0.2 grams per liter quinolin .
Preservation for flowers sent away is to soak the stems in a sugar solution with a concentration of 6-8 % for 24 hours or inserted in a plastic bag and levels of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) is increased by using dry ice or isimpan in the room with air condition between 0-5 degrees C.
9.4 . Packaging and Transportation
After cleaning , the selection and preservation of dendrobium cut flowers packed by way of :

    Every ten rod wrapped the shoots using a thin plastic bag , customized sizes depending on the length of the stalk.
    Each base of the stems wrapped in wet cotton , then wrapped in plastic bags length of 8 cm and 4 cm wide .
    Packaging and wrapping the base of the flower stalk further tied together with a rubber band .
    Packets of flowers arranged in a cross in a perforated cardboard box until quite dense .
    Cardboard boxes sealed with tape use the carton .